AOD-9604 research has generated significant scientific interest over the past two decades. This modified growth hormone fragment represents a fascinating area of peptide science that researchers continue to explore. Understanding the research findings surrounding AOD-9604 helps illuminate how peptide fragments may influence metabolic processes in laboratory settings.
This comprehensive review examines the scientific literature on AOD-9604, from early preclinical studies through clinical trial data. We’ll explore what researchers have discovered about this peptide’s mechanisms, examine the published findings, and discuss why this area of study remains relevant for research purposes only.
Important Note: AOD-9604 is sold strictly for research purposes. This peptide is not intended for human consumption. The information presented here reflects published scientific studies and is intended for educational purposes for researchers and scientists.
What Is AOD-9604? Understanding the Science
AOD-9604 is a synthetic peptide fragment derived from the C-terminal region of human growth hormone. Specifically, it consists of amino acids 176-191 from the HGH molecule, with an additional tyrosine residue substituted at the N-terminal position. This modification was designed to stabilize the peptide structure.
Researchers at Monash University in Australia originally developed this compound during the 1990s. Their goal was to isolate the lipolytic properties of growth hormone without the broader metabolic and growth-promoting effects associated with the full hormone molecule.
The peptide’s designation “AOD” stands for “Anti-Obesity Drug,” reflecting the original research focus. However, it’s essential to understand that this compound never received regulatory approval for any therapeutic application. Consequently, it remains available only for research purposes.
Structural Characteristics
From a molecular perspective, AOD-9604 is a 16-amino acid peptide. Its structure closely resembles the natural C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone. However, the tyrosine substitution at position 177 differentiates it from the naturally occurring fragment known as hGH 177-191.
This structural modification appears to enhance the peptide’s stability. Additionally, research suggests the modification may influence how the compound interacts with cellular receptors. Understanding these structural details helps researchers design appropriate experimental protocols.
Relationship to hGH Fragment 176-191
Researchers sometimes compare AOD-9604 to the naturally occurring hGH fragment 176-191. While these peptides share significant structural similarities, they are not identical. The tyrosine substitution in AOD-9604 represents a key difference that may affect both stability and biological activity in research models.
Some research suggests these peptides may function similarly in laboratory settings. Nevertheless, the specific modifications in AOD-9604 were intentionally designed to optimize certain characteristics for research applications.
Scientific investigations have examined how AOD-9604 interacts with biological systems at the molecular level. Research published in Endocrinology demonstrated that this peptide appears to operate through specific receptor pathways in adipose tissue.
Importantly, studies indicate that AOD-9604 does not interact with the growth hormone receptor. This finding distinguishes it from full-length human growth hormone and helps explain its selective activity profile observed in research settings.
Beta-3 Adrenergic Receptor Interactions
Research has identified beta-3 adrenergic receptors as a key pathway through which AOD-9604 may exert its effects. These receptors are predominantly found on adipocytes, commonly known as fat cells. When activated, they initiate cellular signaling cascades that influence lipid metabolism.
According to published research in Endocrinology journal, both human growth hormone and AOD-9604 demonstrated the ability to increase beta-3 adrenergic receptor expression in adipose tissue. This upregulation was particularly notable in obese mouse models, where receptor levels had been suppressed.
Furthermore, studies using beta-3 adrenergic receptor knockout mice showed no response to AOD-9604 treatment. This finding strongly suggests that the peptide’s effects are mediated specifically through this receptor pathway. Researchers consider this evidence significant for understanding the compound’s mechanism.
Lipolysis and Lipogenesis Research
The terms lipolysis and lipogenesis describe opposing metabolic processes. Lipolysis refers to the breakdown of stored fat, while lipogenesis describes the creation of new fat. Research has examined how AOD-9604 influences both processes in laboratory conditions.
Studies published in the American Journal of Physiology investigated the effects of oral AOD-9604 on lipid metabolism in obese mouse models. Researchers observed increased lipolytic activity and decreased lipogenic activity in adipose tissue samples analyzed ex vivo.
These findings suggest the peptide may influence fat metabolism through dual mechanisms. However, researchers emphasize that results observed in animal models do not necessarily translate to other contexts. Additional research continues to explore these mechanisms.
Independence from IGF-1 Pathways
One notable finding from AOD-9604 research concerns its relationship to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Full-length growth hormone typically stimulates IGF-1 production, which mediates many of HGH’s systemic effects. However, studies indicate AOD-9604 does not appear to affect IGF-1 levels.
This selectivity was intentional in the peptide’s design. Researchers sought to isolate fat metabolism effects while avoiding the broader growth-promoting and metabolic alterations associated with IGF-1 stimulation. Published data from clinical trials confirmed that AOD-9604 did not significantly alter IGF-1 concentrations in study participants.
Clinical Trial History: A Comprehensive Review
Between 2001 and 2007, AOD-9604 underwent extensive clinical investigation. According to published reviews in pharmacotherapy literature, six human clinical trials enrolled over 900 participants. These studies provide the most substantial data available on this peptide.
Understanding this clinical trial history helps researchers contextualize the existing scientific literature. Moreover, it illustrates the rigorous investigation this compound received before its development was discontinued.
Phase I Safety Studies
Initial clinical investigations focused on safety and tolerability. Researchers administered various concentrations to healthy volunteers and monitored for adverse effects. These early studies established that the peptide was generally well-tolerated in research settings.
Importantly, Phase I data showed no significant alterations in glucose metabolism or insulin sensitivity. This finding aligned with preclinical predictions that the peptide would not exhibit the diabetogenic effects associated with full-length growth hormone. Researchers considered this favorable safety profile significant.
Phase II Efficacy Studies
Larger Phase II trials examined the peptide’s effects in obese adult populations. The most notable 12-week study enrolled 300 participants who received either placebo or varying concentrations through oral administration.
Interestingly, the research showed an inverse relationship between concentration and observed effects. Participants receiving the lowest active concentration (1mg) demonstrated the most significant weight changes, averaging 2.6 kg compared to 0.8 kg in the placebo group. Higher concentrations did not produce proportionally greater effects.
This finding surprised researchers and suggested possible ceiling effects or more complex pharmacodynamic relationships. The observation prompted additional investigation into optimal research concentrations and administration parameters.
The Final Phase IIb Trial
The largest and most rigorous trial enrolled 536 participants over 24 weeks. This study incorporated intensive lifestyle interventions, including professional nutritional counseling and structured exercise programs for all participants, including the placebo group.
Under these conditions, researchers did not observe statistically significant differences between the treatment and placebo groups. This outcome led to the discontinuation of the clinical development program in 2007.
Scientists have proposed various explanations for these results. Some suggest that when participants followed rigorous lifestyle modifications, any additional effect from the peptide became statistically undetectable. Others note that this may indicate the compound works best in conjunction with or as an enhancement to other metabolic interventions.
Beyond clinical trials, extensive preclinical research has examined AOD-9604 in various laboratory models. These studies provide valuable mechanistic insights that complement human trial data.
Rodent Model Studies
Multiple studies have examined AOD-9604 in mouse and rat models of obesity. Research published in the International Journal of Obesity demonstrated that chronic treatment reduced body weight gain and increased fat oxidation in obese mice.
One particularly informative study compared results in normal mice versus beta-3 adrenergic receptor knockout mice. The knockout mice showed no response to treatment, while normal mice demonstrated significant metabolic changes. This experimental design elegantly confirmed the receptor pathway’s importance.
Additionally, studies in obese Zucker rats showed the peptide reduced body weight gain by over 50% in some experimental conditions. Researchers also observed increased adipose tissue lipolysis without impairment of insulin sensitivity in these models.
In Vitro Cellular Studies
Researchers have also examined AOD-9604 effects in isolated cell preparations. Studies using cultured adipocytes have helped elucidate the molecular signaling cascades initiated by the peptide.
These investigations revealed increased cyclic AMP levels following exposure, consistent with beta-adrenergic receptor activation. Downstream effects included activation of protein kinase A and hormone-sensitive lipase, the enzyme directly responsible for triglyceride breakdown.
This research found that intra-articular administration enhanced cartilage regeneration in the model system. When combined with hyaluronic acid, the effects appeared synergistic. Researchers observed improved morphological and histopathological scores compared to control groups.
Additionally, in vitro studies have shown AOD-9604 may promote proteoglycan and collagen production in isolated bovine chondrocytes. These findings have opened new avenues for research exploration, though much work remains before any conclusions can be drawn.
Safety Profile: What Studies Demonstrate
Across all clinical trials, AOD-9604 demonstrated a favorable safety profile. Researchers documented no serious adverse events attributable to the peptide across more than 900 participants in controlled studies.
Metabolic Safety Parameters
Unlike full-length growth hormone, AOD-9604 did not appear to affect blood glucose levels or insulin sensitivity in clinical trials. This finding was consistent across multiple studies and concentration ranges.
The absence of diabetogenic effects distinguished AOD-9604 from its parent molecule. Researchers attributed this to the peptide’s selective mechanism that avoids the metabolic pathways responsible for growth hormone’s effects on glucose homeostasis.
IGF-1 and Growth Effects
Clinical monitoring confirmed that AOD-9604 did not elevate IGF-1 levels. This finding was significant because elevated IGF-1 has been associated with various theoretical concerns, including potential effects on cell proliferation.
The peptide’s selectivity for fat tissue without stimulating systemic growth pathways represented its intended design advantage. Researchers viewed this as evidence that the targeted fragment approach successfully isolated specific biological activities.
Common Observations in Studies
Some study participants reported mild, transient effects such as headaches or flushing. However, these occurrences were infrequent and typically resolved without intervention. Importantly, these effects occurred at similar rates in treatment and placebo groups in some studies.
The overall conclusion from safety data was that AOD-9604 was well-tolerated at the concentrations examined in clinical research settings. This favorable profile contributed to the peptide’s continued interest as a research compound.
Current Regulatory Status
Understanding the regulatory landscape surrounding AOD-9604 is essential for researchers. Currently, this peptide holds no approvals from any major regulatory authority worldwide.
FDA Status
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not approved AOD-9604 for any therapeutic application. In December 2024, the FDA determined that AOD-9604 should not be included on the 503A Bulks List for pharmaceutical compounding.
The agency cited limited long-term safety data, potential peptide impurities, and possible immunogenicity concerns in their evaluation. Researchers should be aware of these regulatory considerations when designing experiments.
International Regulatory Perspectives
Similarly, AOD-9604 lacks approval from the European Medicines Agency (EMA), Australia’s Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), and other major regulatory bodies. The peptide remains classified as a research compound rather than an approved therapeutic agent.
WADA Prohibited List
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has included AOD-9604 on its prohibited substances list. This classification affects research involving athletic populations and competitive sports contexts. Researchers should maintain awareness of these restrictions.
Research Considerations and Applications
For scientists conducting peptide research, AOD-9604 offers several interesting characteristics worth exploring. Its well-documented mechanism and extensive existing literature provide a foundation for further investigation.
Storage and Handling
In laboratory settings, lyophilized AOD-9604 maintains stability under appropriate storage conditions. Researchers typically store the dry peptide refrigerated or at room temperature prior to reconstitution. After reconstitution with appropriate buffers, refrigerated storage helps maintain stability for experimental timelines.
Research Quality Considerations
As with all research peptides, quality and purity represent critical factors. Third-party testing and certificates of analysis help verify that research materials meet appropriate standards. Researchers should source peptides from reputable suppliers who provide comprehensive quality documentation.
Variable quality in research materials can significantly affect experimental outcomes and reproducibility. Therefore, establishing reliable supply chains for research peptides remains an important consideration for laboratory protocols.
What exactly is AOD-9604 and where does it come from?
AOD-9604 is a synthetic peptide fragment derived from the C-terminal region of human growth hormone, specifically consisting of amino acids 176-191 with a tyrosine substitution. Researchers at Monash University in Australia originally developed this compound during the 1990s.
The peptide was designed to isolate the lipolytic (fat-breaking) properties of growth hormone while avoiding the broader metabolic and growth-promoting effects of the full hormone molecule. This targeted approach represented an innovative strategy in peptide research at the time.
How does AOD-9604 differ from full-length human growth hormone?
Several key differences distinguish AOD-9604 from full-length human growth hormone. Most significantly, AOD-9604 does not interact with the growth hormone receptor and does not stimulate IGF-1 production. These characteristics mean it lacks the systemic growth-promoting effects of HGH.
Additionally, research indicates AOD-9604 does not affect glucose metabolism or insulin sensitivity, unlike full-length growth hormone which can have diabetogenic effects. The peptide appears to work through beta-3 adrenergic receptors rather than growth hormone receptors.
What did clinical trials reveal about AOD-9604?
Six human clinical trials enrolled over 900 participants between 2001 and 2007. Early Phase II results showed modest weight reduction effects, with the 1mg group losing an average of 2.6 kg compared to 0.8 kg for placebo over 12 weeks.
However, the largest Phase IIb trial with 536 participants over 24 weeks did not demonstrate statistically significant differences when all participants followed intensive lifestyle interventions. This led to the discontinuation of clinical development in 2007.
Why was AOD-9604 development discontinued?
The pharmaceutical company developing AOD-9604 ceased clinical development in 2007 after the final large trial failed to show statistically significant efficacy. When study participants followed structured diet and exercise programs, the peptide did not provide additional measurable benefit over placebo.
Some researchers suggest this indicates the compound may function as an enhancement to metabolic interventions rather than a standalone treatment. Regardless, the lack of clear efficacy data made continued development toward regulatory approval unlikely.
What research has been conducted on AOD-9604 beyond weight management?
More recent preclinical research has explored AOD-9604 in cartilage and joint contexts. A study in a rabbit osteoarthritis model found that intra-articular administration enhanced cartilage regeneration. In vitro studies have also shown the peptide may promote proteoglycan and collagen production in chondrocyte cultures.
These emerging research areas represent potential new directions for investigation. However, this research remains in early stages, and much additional work would be needed to draw any conclusions about these applications.
Is AOD-9604 the same as hGH fragment 176-191?
While closely related, AOD-9604 and the naturally occurring hGH fragment 176-191 are not identical. AOD-9604 contains a tyrosine substitution at position 177 (replacing phenylalanine), which was engineered to stabilize the peptide structure.
Research suggests these peptides may function similarly in many contexts. However, the specific modification in AOD-9604 potentially affects stability and possibly biological activity. Researchers should be aware of this distinction when reviewing literature or designing experiments.
What safety information exists for AOD-9604?
Across all clinical trials involving over 900 participants, AOD-9604 demonstrated a favorable safety profile. No serious adverse events were attributed to the peptide. Importantly, it did not affect blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, or IGF-1 levels.
Some participants reported mild effects such as headaches or flushing, but these were infrequent and transient. The overall conclusion from safety data was that AOD-9604 was well-tolerated at the concentrations examined in research settings.
What is AOD-9604’s current regulatory status?
AOD-9604 is not approved by any major regulatory authority worldwide, including the FDA, EMA, and TGA. In December 2024, the FDA determined the peptide should not be included on the 503A Bulks List for pharmaceutical compounding.
Additionally, WADA has placed AOD-9604 on its prohibited substances list for competitive sports. The peptide remains available strictly for research purposes only and is not intended for human use.
How should researchers approach quality when sourcing AOD-9604?
Quality and purity represent critical factors in peptide research. Researchers should source from reputable suppliers who provide third-party testing results and certificates of analysis. Variable quality can significantly affect experimental outcomes and reproducibility.
Proper storage conditions also matter for maintaining peptide integrity. Lyophilized peptide should be stored according to manufacturer specifications, and reconstituted solutions typically require refrigeration with limited stability windows.
What makes AOD-9604 relevant for ongoing research?
Despite the discontinuation of clinical development, AOD-9604 remains scientifically interesting for several reasons. Its well-documented mechanism involving beta-3 adrenergic receptors provides a model for studying selective peptide fragment activity. The extensive existing literature also provides a foundation for further mechanistic investigation.
Emerging research into potential applications beyond fat metabolism, such as cartilage biology, has opened new avenues for exploration. The peptide’s favorable safety profile from clinical data also makes it suitable for continued research applications where appropriate.
Conclusion
AOD-9604 represents a fascinating chapter in peptide research history. From its development as a targeted growth hormone fragment to extensive clinical investigation, this compound has generated substantial scientific knowledge about peptide-mediated metabolic effects.
The research clearly demonstrates that AOD-9604 operates through distinct pathways from full-length growth hormone. Its selective activity through beta-3 adrenergic receptors, without affecting IGF-1 or glucose metabolism, illustrates how peptide fragments can exhibit targeted biological properties.
Although clinical development was discontinued due to insufficient efficacy data under rigorous trial conditions, the peptide’s extensive safety database and well-characterized mechanism continue to support its value as a research tool. Emerging studies exploring applications beyond fat metabolism suggest ongoing scientific interest.
For researchers studying peptide biology, metabolic pathways, or adipose tissue function, AOD-9604 offers a well-documented compound with substantial published literature. Understanding its history, mechanism, and limitations helps contextualize this interesting area of peptide science.
Disclaimer: All products sold by OathPeptides.com are strictly for research purposes only and are not intended for human or animal consumption. This article is for informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. AOD-9604 is a research peptide studied in laboratory settings. Always consult with qualified professionals regarding research protocols and regulatory compliance.
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AOD-9604 Research: Scientific Studies & Findings Explained
AOD-9604 research has generated significant scientific interest over the past two decades. This modified growth hormone fragment represents a fascinating area of peptide science that researchers continue to explore. Understanding the research findings surrounding AOD-9604 helps illuminate how peptide fragments may influence metabolic processes in laboratory settings.
This comprehensive review examines the scientific literature on AOD-9604, from early preclinical studies through clinical trial data. We’ll explore what researchers have discovered about this peptide’s mechanisms, examine the published findings, and discuss why this area of study remains relevant for research purposes only.
Important Note: AOD-9604 is sold strictly for research purposes. This peptide is not intended for human consumption. The information presented here reflects published scientific studies and is intended for educational purposes for researchers and scientists.
What Is AOD-9604? Understanding the Science
AOD-9604 is a synthetic peptide fragment derived from the C-terminal region of human growth hormone. Specifically, it consists of amino acids 176-191 from the HGH molecule, with an additional tyrosine residue substituted at the N-terminal position. This modification was designed to stabilize the peptide structure.
Researchers at Monash University in Australia originally developed this compound during the 1990s. Their goal was to isolate the lipolytic properties of growth hormone without the broader metabolic and growth-promoting effects associated with the full hormone molecule.
The peptide’s designation “AOD” stands for “Anti-Obesity Drug,” reflecting the original research focus. However, it’s essential to understand that this compound never received regulatory approval for any therapeutic application. Consequently, it remains available only for research purposes.
Structural Characteristics
From a molecular perspective, AOD-9604 is a 16-amino acid peptide. Its structure closely resembles the natural C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone. However, the tyrosine substitution at position 177 differentiates it from the naturally occurring fragment known as hGH 177-191.
This structural modification appears to enhance the peptide’s stability. Additionally, research suggests the modification may influence how the compound interacts with cellular receptors. Understanding these structural details helps researchers design appropriate experimental protocols.
Relationship to hGH Fragment 176-191
Researchers sometimes compare AOD-9604 to the naturally occurring hGH fragment 176-191. While these peptides share significant structural similarities, they are not identical. The tyrosine substitution in AOD-9604 represents a key difference that may affect both stability and biological activity in research models.
Some research suggests these peptides may function similarly in laboratory settings. Nevertheless, the specific modifications in AOD-9604 were intentionally designed to optimize certain characteristics for research applications.
$99.99Original price was: $99.99.$95.00Current price is: $95.00.Mechanism of Action: What Research Studies Reveal
Scientific investigations have examined how AOD-9604 interacts with biological systems at the molecular level. Research published in Endocrinology demonstrated that this peptide appears to operate through specific receptor pathways in adipose tissue.
Importantly, studies indicate that AOD-9604 does not interact with the growth hormone receptor. This finding distinguishes it from full-length human growth hormone and helps explain its selective activity profile observed in research settings.
Beta-3 Adrenergic Receptor Interactions
Research has identified beta-3 adrenergic receptors as a key pathway through which AOD-9604 may exert its effects. These receptors are predominantly found on adipocytes, commonly known as fat cells. When activated, they initiate cellular signaling cascades that influence lipid metabolism.
According to published research in Endocrinology journal, both human growth hormone and AOD-9604 demonstrated the ability to increase beta-3 adrenergic receptor expression in adipose tissue. This upregulation was particularly notable in obese mouse models, where receptor levels had been suppressed.
Furthermore, studies using beta-3 adrenergic receptor knockout mice showed no response to AOD-9604 treatment. This finding strongly suggests that the peptide’s effects are mediated specifically through this receptor pathway. Researchers consider this evidence significant for understanding the compound’s mechanism.
Lipolysis and Lipogenesis Research
The terms lipolysis and lipogenesis describe opposing metabolic processes. Lipolysis refers to the breakdown of stored fat, while lipogenesis describes the creation of new fat. Research has examined how AOD-9604 influences both processes in laboratory conditions.
Studies published in the American Journal of Physiology investigated the effects of oral AOD-9604 on lipid metabolism in obese mouse models. Researchers observed increased lipolytic activity and decreased lipogenic activity in adipose tissue samples analyzed ex vivo.
These findings suggest the peptide may influence fat metabolism through dual mechanisms. However, researchers emphasize that results observed in animal models do not necessarily translate to other contexts. Additional research continues to explore these mechanisms.
Independence from IGF-1 Pathways
One notable finding from AOD-9604 research concerns its relationship to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Full-length growth hormone typically stimulates IGF-1 production, which mediates many of HGH’s systemic effects. However, studies indicate AOD-9604 does not appear to affect IGF-1 levels.
This selectivity was intentional in the peptide’s design. Researchers sought to isolate fat metabolism effects while avoiding the broader growth-promoting and metabolic alterations associated with IGF-1 stimulation. Published data from clinical trials confirmed that AOD-9604 did not significantly alter IGF-1 concentrations in study participants.
Clinical Trial History: A Comprehensive Review
Between 2001 and 2007, AOD-9604 underwent extensive clinical investigation. According to published reviews in pharmacotherapy literature, six human clinical trials enrolled over 900 participants. These studies provide the most substantial data available on this peptide.
Understanding this clinical trial history helps researchers contextualize the existing scientific literature. Moreover, it illustrates the rigorous investigation this compound received before its development was discontinued.
Phase I Safety Studies
Initial clinical investigations focused on safety and tolerability. Researchers administered various concentrations to healthy volunteers and monitored for adverse effects. These early studies established that the peptide was generally well-tolerated in research settings.
Importantly, Phase I data showed no significant alterations in glucose metabolism or insulin sensitivity. This finding aligned with preclinical predictions that the peptide would not exhibit the diabetogenic effects associated with full-length growth hormone. Researchers considered this favorable safety profile significant.
Phase II Efficacy Studies
Larger Phase II trials examined the peptide’s effects in obese adult populations. The most notable 12-week study enrolled 300 participants who received either placebo or varying concentrations through oral administration.
Interestingly, the research showed an inverse relationship between concentration and observed effects. Participants receiving the lowest active concentration (1mg) demonstrated the most significant weight changes, averaging 2.6 kg compared to 0.8 kg in the placebo group. Higher concentrations did not produce proportionally greater effects.
This finding surprised researchers and suggested possible ceiling effects or more complex pharmacodynamic relationships. The observation prompted additional investigation into optimal research concentrations and administration parameters.
The Final Phase IIb Trial
The largest and most rigorous trial enrolled 536 participants over 24 weeks. This study incorporated intensive lifestyle interventions, including professional nutritional counseling and structured exercise programs for all participants, including the placebo group.
Under these conditions, researchers did not observe statistically significant differences between the treatment and placebo groups. This outcome led to the discontinuation of the clinical development program in 2007.
Scientists have proposed various explanations for these results. Some suggest that when participants followed rigorous lifestyle modifications, any additional effect from the peptide became statistically undetectable. Others note that this may indicate the compound works best in conjunction with or as an enhancement to other metabolic interventions.
$99.99Original price was: $99.99.$95.00Current price is: $95.00.Preclinical Research Findings
Beyond clinical trials, extensive preclinical research has examined AOD-9604 in various laboratory models. These studies provide valuable mechanistic insights that complement human trial data.
Rodent Model Studies
Multiple studies have examined AOD-9604 in mouse and rat models of obesity. Research published in the International Journal of Obesity demonstrated that chronic treatment reduced body weight gain and increased fat oxidation in obese mice.
One particularly informative study compared results in normal mice versus beta-3 adrenergic receptor knockout mice. The knockout mice showed no response to treatment, while normal mice demonstrated significant metabolic changes. This experimental design elegantly confirmed the receptor pathway’s importance.
Additionally, studies in obese Zucker rats showed the peptide reduced body weight gain by over 50% in some experimental conditions. Researchers also observed increased adipose tissue lipolysis without impairment of insulin sensitivity in these models.
In Vitro Cellular Studies
Researchers have also examined AOD-9604 effects in isolated cell preparations. Studies using cultured adipocytes have helped elucidate the molecular signaling cascades initiated by the peptide.
These investigations revealed increased cyclic AMP levels following exposure, consistent with beta-adrenergic receptor activation. Downstream effects included activation of protein kinase A and hormone-sensitive lipase, the enzyme directly responsible for triglyceride breakdown.
Emerging Research Areas
More recent research has explored AOD-9604 in contexts beyond fat metabolism. A study published in Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science examined the peptide’s effects in a rabbit osteoarthritis model.
This research found that intra-articular administration enhanced cartilage regeneration in the model system. When combined with hyaluronic acid, the effects appeared synergistic. Researchers observed improved morphological and histopathological scores compared to control groups.
Additionally, in vitro studies have shown AOD-9604 may promote proteoglycan and collagen production in isolated bovine chondrocytes. These findings have opened new avenues for research exploration, though much work remains before any conclusions can be drawn.
Safety Profile: What Studies Demonstrate
Across all clinical trials, AOD-9604 demonstrated a favorable safety profile. Researchers documented no serious adverse events attributable to the peptide across more than 900 participants in controlled studies.
Metabolic Safety Parameters
Unlike full-length growth hormone, AOD-9604 did not appear to affect blood glucose levels or insulin sensitivity in clinical trials. This finding was consistent across multiple studies and concentration ranges.
The absence of diabetogenic effects distinguished AOD-9604 from its parent molecule. Researchers attributed this to the peptide’s selective mechanism that avoids the metabolic pathways responsible for growth hormone’s effects on glucose homeostasis.
IGF-1 and Growth Effects
Clinical monitoring confirmed that AOD-9604 did not elevate IGF-1 levels. This finding was significant because elevated IGF-1 has been associated with various theoretical concerns, including potential effects on cell proliferation.
The peptide’s selectivity for fat tissue without stimulating systemic growth pathways represented its intended design advantage. Researchers viewed this as evidence that the targeted fragment approach successfully isolated specific biological activities.
Common Observations in Studies
Some study participants reported mild, transient effects such as headaches or flushing. However, these occurrences were infrequent and typically resolved without intervention. Importantly, these effects occurred at similar rates in treatment and placebo groups in some studies.
The overall conclusion from safety data was that AOD-9604 was well-tolerated at the concentrations examined in clinical research settings. This favorable profile contributed to the peptide’s continued interest as a research compound.
Current Regulatory Status
Understanding the regulatory landscape surrounding AOD-9604 is essential for researchers. Currently, this peptide holds no approvals from any major regulatory authority worldwide.
FDA Status
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not approved AOD-9604 for any therapeutic application. In December 2024, the FDA determined that AOD-9604 should not be included on the 503A Bulks List for pharmaceutical compounding.
The agency cited limited long-term safety data, potential peptide impurities, and possible immunogenicity concerns in their evaluation. Researchers should be aware of these regulatory considerations when designing experiments.
International Regulatory Perspectives
Similarly, AOD-9604 lacks approval from the European Medicines Agency (EMA), Australia’s Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), and other major regulatory bodies. The peptide remains classified as a research compound rather than an approved therapeutic agent.
WADA Prohibited List
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has included AOD-9604 on its prohibited substances list. This classification affects research involving athletic populations and competitive sports contexts. Researchers should maintain awareness of these restrictions.
Research Considerations and Applications
For scientists conducting peptide research, AOD-9604 offers several interesting characteristics worth exploring. Its well-documented mechanism and extensive existing literature provide a foundation for further investigation.
Storage and Handling
In laboratory settings, lyophilized AOD-9604 maintains stability under appropriate storage conditions. Researchers typically store the dry peptide refrigerated or at room temperature prior to reconstitution. After reconstitution with appropriate buffers, refrigerated storage helps maintain stability for experimental timelines.
Research Quality Considerations
As with all research peptides, quality and purity represent critical factors. Third-party testing and certificates of analysis help verify that research materials meet appropriate standards. Researchers should source peptides from reputable suppliers who provide comprehensive quality documentation.
Variable quality in research materials can significantly affect experimental outcomes and reproducibility. Therefore, establishing reliable supply chains for research peptides remains an important consideration for laboratory protocols.
$99.99Original price was: $99.99.$95.00Current price is: $95.00.Frequently Asked Questions
What exactly is AOD-9604 and where does it come from?
AOD-9604 is a synthetic peptide fragment derived from the C-terminal region of human growth hormone, specifically consisting of amino acids 176-191 with a tyrosine substitution. Researchers at Monash University in Australia originally developed this compound during the 1990s.
The peptide was designed to isolate the lipolytic (fat-breaking) properties of growth hormone while avoiding the broader metabolic and growth-promoting effects of the full hormone molecule. This targeted approach represented an innovative strategy in peptide research at the time.
How does AOD-9604 differ from full-length human growth hormone?
Several key differences distinguish AOD-9604 from full-length human growth hormone. Most significantly, AOD-9604 does not interact with the growth hormone receptor and does not stimulate IGF-1 production. These characteristics mean it lacks the systemic growth-promoting effects of HGH.
Additionally, research indicates AOD-9604 does not affect glucose metabolism or insulin sensitivity, unlike full-length growth hormone which can have diabetogenic effects. The peptide appears to work through beta-3 adrenergic receptors rather than growth hormone receptors.
What did clinical trials reveal about AOD-9604?
Six human clinical trials enrolled over 900 participants between 2001 and 2007. Early Phase II results showed modest weight reduction effects, with the 1mg group losing an average of 2.6 kg compared to 0.8 kg for placebo over 12 weeks.
However, the largest Phase IIb trial with 536 participants over 24 weeks did not demonstrate statistically significant differences when all participants followed intensive lifestyle interventions. This led to the discontinuation of clinical development in 2007.
Why was AOD-9604 development discontinued?
The pharmaceutical company developing AOD-9604 ceased clinical development in 2007 after the final large trial failed to show statistically significant efficacy. When study participants followed structured diet and exercise programs, the peptide did not provide additional measurable benefit over placebo.
Some researchers suggest this indicates the compound may function as an enhancement to metabolic interventions rather than a standalone treatment. Regardless, the lack of clear efficacy data made continued development toward regulatory approval unlikely.
What research has been conducted on AOD-9604 beyond weight management?
More recent preclinical research has explored AOD-9604 in cartilage and joint contexts. A study in a rabbit osteoarthritis model found that intra-articular administration enhanced cartilage regeneration. In vitro studies have also shown the peptide may promote proteoglycan and collagen production in chondrocyte cultures.
These emerging research areas represent potential new directions for investigation. However, this research remains in early stages, and much additional work would be needed to draw any conclusions about these applications.
Is AOD-9604 the same as hGH fragment 176-191?
While closely related, AOD-9604 and the naturally occurring hGH fragment 176-191 are not identical. AOD-9604 contains a tyrosine substitution at position 177 (replacing phenylalanine), which was engineered to stabilize the peptide structure.
Research suggests these peptides may function similarly in many contexts. However, the specific modification in AOD-9604 potentially affects stability and possibly biological activity. Researchers should be aware of this distinction when reviewing literature or designing experiments.
What safety information exists for AOD-9604?
Across all clinical trials involving over 900 participants, AOD-9604 demonstrated a favorable safety profile. No serious adverse events were attributed to the peptide. Importantly, it did not affect blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, or IGF-1 levels.
Some participants reported mild effects such as headaches or flushing, but these were infrequent and transient. The overall conclusion from safety data was that AOD-9604 was well-tolerated at the concentrations examined in research settings.
What is AOD-9604’s current regulatory status?
AOD-9604 is not approved by any major regulatory authority worldwide, including the FDA, EMA, and TGA. In December 2024, the FDA determined the peptide should not be included on the 503A Bulks List for pharmaceutical compounding.
Additionally, WADA has placed AOD-9604 on its prohibited substances list for competitive sports. The peptide remains available strictly for research purposes only and is not intended for human use.
How should researchers approach quality when sourcing AOD-9604?
Quality and purity represent critical factors in peptide research. Researchers should source from reputable suppliers who provide third-party testing results and certificates of analysis. Variable quality can significantly affect experimental outcomes and reproducibility.
Proper storage conditions also matter for maintaining peptide integrity. Lyophilized peptide should be stored according to manufacturer specifications, and reconstituted solutions typically require refrigeration with limited stability windows.
What makes AOD-9604 relevant for ongoing research?
Despite the discontinuation of clinical development, AOD-9604 remains scientifically interesting for several reasons. Its well-documented mechanism involving beta-3 adrenergic receptors provides a model for studying selective peptide fragment activity. The extensive existing literature also provides a foundation for further mechanistic investigation.
Emerging research into potential applications beyond fat metabolism, such as cartilage biology, has opened new avenues for exploration. The peptide’s favorable safety profile from clinical data also makes it suitable for continued research applications where appropriate.
Conclusion
AOD-9604 represents a fascinating chapter in peptide research history. From its development as a targeted growth hormone fragment to extensive clinical investigation, this compound has generated substantial scientific knowledge about peptide-mediated metabolic effects.
The research clearly demonstrates that AOD-9604 operates through distinct pathways from full-length growth hormone. Its selective activity through beta-3 adrenergic receptors, without affecting IGF-1 or glucose metabolism, illustrates how peptide fragments can exhibit targeted biological properties.
Although clinical development was discontinued due to insufficient efficacy data under rigorous trial conditions, the peptide’s extensive safety database and well-characterized mechanism continue to support its value as a research tool. Emerging studies exploring applications beyond fat metabolism suggest ongoing scientific interest.
For researchers studying peptide biology, metabolic pathways, or adipose tissue function, AOD-9604 offers a well-documented compound with substantial published literature. Understanding its history, mechanism, and limitations helps contextualize this interesting area of peptide science.
Disclaimer: All products sold by OathPeptides.com are strictly for research purposes only and are not intended for human or animal consumption. This article is for informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. AOD-9604 is a research peptide studied in laboratory settings. Always consult with qualified professionals regarding research protocols and regulatory compliance.
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