PT-141 research has emerged as a fascinating area of scientific inquiry in recent years. This synthetic peptide, also known as bremelanotide, represents a unique approach to studying melanocortin receptor activation and its effects on neural pathways. Moreover, understanding PT-141 research findings can provide valuable insights into how this compound interacts with the central nervous system. The information presented here is intended strictly for research purposes only and is not intended for human consumption.
Researchers have been particularly interested in PT-141 because of its distinctive mechanism of action. Unlike other compounds that work through vascular pathways, this peptide acts directly on melanocortin receptors in the brain. Consequently, PT-141 has become an important tool for studying neurological responses and receptor activation. Additionally, scientific investigations have revealed that this peptide can help researchers understand complex brain-body communication systems.
In this comprehensive research overview, we will explore the scientific findings surrounding PT-141. Furthermore, we will examine the clinical studies that have been conducted, the mechanism of action that makes this peptide unique, and what laboratory research has revealed about its properties. This information is designed to support researchers and scientists in their understanding of this compound.
What Is PT-141? Understanding the Research Background
PT-141, scientifically known as bremelanotide, is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide derived from alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). According to research published on ScienceDirect, this compound was developed through modifications to the parent molecule Melanotan 2. Researchers discovered that certain structural changes created a compound with distinct receptor binding properties.
The development of PT-141 represents an important milestone in peptide research. Originally, scientists were investigating melanocortin receptor agonists for various research applications. However, they noticed that this particular compound demonstrated unique effects when studied in laboratory settings. Therefore, it became a subject of focused scientific investigation.
The Melanocortin Receptor System
To understand PT-141 research, it is essential to comprehend the melanocortin receptor system. There are five known melanocortin receptors, designated MC1R through MC5R. Each receptor plays different roles in physiological processes throughout the body. Additionally, these receptors are distributed across various tissues, including the skin and central nervous system.
Research has shown that PT-141 acts as a non-selective agonist for multiple melanocortin receptors. Studies published in DrugBank indicate that it has particular affinity for MC3R and MC4R receptors. These receptors are found primarily in the hypothalamus and other brain regions. Consequently, researchers have been interested in studying how activation of these receptors affects neural pathways.
The research history of PT-141 spans several decades. Initially, scientists at research institutions began studying melanocortin peptides in the 1990s. Subsequently, they developed various analogs to better understand receptor binding and activation. The compound now known as PT-141 emerged from these early research efforts.
Furthermore, early preclinical studies demonstrated that PT-141 had distinct properties compared to other melanocortin agonists. Researchers noted that it could cross the blood-brain barrier and interact with central nervous system receptors. This discovery opened new avenues for scientific investigation into melanocortin signaling pathways.
PT-141 Research: Mechanism of Action Explained
Understanding the mechanism of action is crucial for comprehending PT-141 research. According to studies published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, this peptide works through a unique neurogenic pathway. Rather than acting on peripheral tissues, PT-141 primarily affects receptors in the central nervous system.
When PT-141 binds to melanocortin receptors, it triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling events. Research indicates that MC4R activation, in particular, leads to changes in neurotransmitter activity. Specifically, studies have observed increased dopamine signaling in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus. This region is known to play important roles in regulating various physiological responses.
Central Nervous System Pathways
The central nervous system effects of PT-141 have been extensively studied. Research published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation examined brain activity patterns following MC4R agonist administration. Investigators found enhanced functional connectivity between the amygdala and insula during certain stimuli. These findings suggest complex neural processing effects.
Additionally, studies have examined how PT-141 affects other brain regions. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus appears to be particularly responsive to melanocortin signaling. Researchers have documented changes in neural activity patterns in these areas. Therefore, PT-141 provides a valuable tool for studying hypothalamic function.
Receptor Binding Specificity
PT-141 demonstrates interesting receptor binding characteristics. While it activates multiple melanocortin receptors, its affinity varies across receptor subtypes. Research indicates the following order of binding potency: MC1R, MC4R, MC3R, MC5R, and MC2R. This binding profile contributes to the compound’s diverse research applications.
The MC4R receptor appears to be most relevant for certain research applications. This receptor is expressed in hypothalamic neurons and the limbic system. Studies using knockout mice models have demonstrated that MC4R plays important roles in various physiological processes. Consequently, PT-141 serves as a useful pharmacological tool for MC4R research.
Clinical Research Studies on PT-141
Significant clinical research has been conducted on PT-141 over the past two decades. The RECONNECT trials, comprising two Phase 3 studies, enrolled over 1,247 research participants. These studies examined the effects of bremelanotide administration in controlled settings. Moreover, the data from these trials provided valuable insights into the compound’s properties.
According to research published in PMC, long-term safety data from these studies showed favorable outcomes. The 52-week open-label extension phase provided extended observation periods. Researchers documented that most adverse events were mild to moderate in intensity. Furthermore, the studies generated important pharmacokinetic data about the compound.
Phase 3 Trial Design and Methodology
The Phase 3 RECONNECT studies utilized rigorous scientific methodology. Researchers employed double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized parallel group designs. Study 301 included 630 participants, while Study 302 included 617 participants. Consequently, these trials provided robust statistical power for analysis.
The trial design included screening periods, placebo run-in phases, and randomized treatment periods. Researchers used validated outcome measures to assess responses. Additionally, safety monitoring occurred throughout the study duration. This comprehensive approach generated high-quality data for scientific analysis.
The clinical research revealed several important findings about PT-141. Researchers observed statistically significant differences between active and placebo groups on primary endpoints. In Study 301, the difference reached statistical significance at p < 0.0002. Similarly, Study 302 demonstrated significant findings at p < 0.0001.
Furthermore, researchers examined various secondary endpoints throughout the trials. The data showed consistent patterns across multiple measures. Additionally, subgroup analyses provided insights into response patterns among different populations. These findings contributed to the scientific understanding of PT-141.
Pharmacokinetic Properties Observed in Research
Understanding the pharmacokinetic profile of PT-141 is essential for research applications. Studies have documented various absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion characteristics. This information helps researchers design appropriate study protocols and interpret experimental results.
Research indicates that subcutaneous administration achieves approximately 100% bioavailability. Peak plasma concentrations occur at approximately one hour after administration. The elimination half-life has been measured at approximately 2.7 hours, with a range of 1.9 to 4.0 hours. These parameters are important considerations for research study design.
Absorption and Distribution
Studies examining absorption characteristics have yielded consistent results. The mean maximum plasma concentration reaches approximately 72.8 ng/mL following subcutaneous administration. Furthermore, researchers found that the area under the curve (AUC) averaged 276 hr*ng/mL. These values remained consistent across different administration sites.
The volume of distribution has been measured at approximately 25.0 liters. This relatively low value suggests limited tissue distribution. Additionally, plasma protein binding is approximately 21%, indicating that most of the compound circulates in free form. Consequently, the compound has predictable distribution characteristics.
Metabolism and Elimination
PT-141 undergoes metabolism primarily through hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Unlike many small molecule compounds, it does not require hepatic microsomal enzyme metabolism. Therefore, drug-drug interactions through these pathways are unlikely. This characteristic simplifies research protocol design.
Elimination occurs through both renal and fecal routes. Studies indicate that approximately 64.8% is excreted in urine, while 22.8% appears in feces. The mean clearance rate is approximately 6.5 L/h. These elimination characteristics are important for understanding compound disposition in research settings.
Safety Profile Observed in Research Studies
Safety assessment has been a crucial component of PT-141 research. Clinical trials documented various observations during study periods. Understanding these findings helps researchers evaluate the compound’s properties and plan appropriate study protocols.
The most commonly observed effects in research studies included transient physiological responses. Nausea was reported in approximately 40% of research participants receiving active compound compared to 1% in placebo groups. Additionally, flushing, headache, and injection site reactions were documented. Most events were mild to moderate and resolved without intervention.
Cardiovascular Observations
Researchers have documented transient cardiovascular effects following PT-141 administration. Studies observed small, temporary increases in blood pressure. Additionally, some research participants showed decreased heart rate. These effects typically normalized within the observation period.
The cardiovascular findings have implications for research participant selection criteria. Studies have typically excluded participants with uncontrolled hypertension or significant cardiovascular conditions. Furthermore, researchers have implemented monitoring protocols to track these parameters. These safety considerations are standard practice in peptide research.
Long-Term Observation Data
Extended observation studies have provided valuable safety information. The 52-week open-label extension phases allowed researchers to document effects over longer periods. Overall, the safety profile remained consistent with observations from shorter studies. Moreover, no new safety signals emerged during extended follow-up.
Researchers also examined potential effects on skin pigmentation. Because PT-141 activates MC1R receptors involved in melanogenesis, hyperpigmentation was a theoretical concern. However, clinical studies documented minimal occurrence of this effect at the concentrations studied. This finding was consistent with the compound’s receptor binding profile.
PT-141 Research Applications and Future Directions
PT-141 research continues to evolve with new investigations underway. Scientists are exploring additional applications for melanocortin receptor agonists. Furthermore, combination studies are examining potential synergistic effects with other compounds. These research directions may yield new insights into melanocortin biology.
In 2024, Palatin Technologies announced initiation of Phase 2 clinical studies examining bremelanotide in combination formulations. These studies aim to explore potential applications in research populations that have not been previously studied. Moreover, investigators are developing new delivery mechanisms for research applications.
Emerging Research Areas
Several emerging research areas involve PT-141 or related compounds. Scientists are investigating melanocortin signaling in metabolic research. Additionally, neuroscience researchers are studying MC4R receptor function using various agonists. Consequently, PT-141 serves as a valuable pharmacological tool across multiple research disciplines.
Furthermore, researchers are examining how genetic variations affect melanocortin receptor function. Studies using knockout mouse models have provided insights into receptor-specific effects. These preclinical investigations continue to expand understanding of the melanocortin system. Therefore, PT-141 research contributes to broader scientific knowledge.
Methodological Advances
Research methodology in the PT-141 field continues to advance. Neuroimaging studies using functional MRI have revealed brain activity patterns associated with MC4R agonism. Additionally, improved outcome measures allow more precise quantification of effects. These methodological improvements enhance the quality of research findings.
Researchers are also developing more selective melanocortin receptor agonists. While PT-141 acts on multiple receptor subtypes, newer compounds may provide greater selectivity. This selectivity could allow researchers to dissect receptor-specific effects more precisely. Consequently, the next generation of melanocortin research tools may offer new capabilities.
Understanding PT-141 in the Context of Melanocortin Research
PT-141 research fits within the broader context of melanocortin system investigation. The melanocortin system regulates numerous physiological processes, including pigmentation, inflammation, energy homeostasis, and reproduction. Therefore, studying this system has wide-ranging scientific implications.
The five melanocortin receptors each play distinct roles. MC1R primarily regulates skin and hair pigmentation. MC2R is the receptor for ACTH in the adrenal cortex. MC3R and MC4R are involved in energy balance and other CNS functions. MC5R has roles in exocrine gland function. Understanding these receptors requires various pharmacological tools.
Comparative Receptor Pharmacology
PT-141 provides a useful tool for comparative receptor studies. Its non-selective binding allows researchers to examine effects across multiple receptor subtypes. Additionally, comparing PT-141 effects to more selective compounds helps identify receptor-specific mechanisms. This comparative approach advances understanding of melanocortin biology.
Furthermore, structural studies of PT-141 binding have informed drug design efforts. The cyclic heptapeptide structure provides stability while maintaining receptor affinity. Researchers have used these structural insights to develop additional compounds. Consequently, PT-141 research has contributed to medicinal chemistry advances.
Frequently Asked Questions About PT-141 Research
What is PT-141 and how is it used in research?
PT-141, also known as bremelanotide, is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide derived from alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. It serves as a melanocortin receptor agonist in scientific research settings. Researchers use this compound to study receptor activation, neural pathways, and various physiological processes. The peptide has been the subject of numerous clinical and preclinical studies examining its properties and effects.
In research applications, PT-141 provides a pharmacological tool for investigating the melanocortin system. Scientists have used it to study MC3R and MC4R receptor function in particular. Additionally, it has helped researchers understand how melanocortin signaling affects various physiological pathways. This compound is intended strictly for research purposes only.
What receptors does PT-141 target according to research studies?
Research has established that PT-141 acts as a non-selective agonist for melanocortin receptors. It binds to MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R with varying affinities. The order of binding potency, according to studies, is MC1R, MC4R, MC3R, MC5R, and finally MC2R. This binding profile makes it useful for studying multiple melanocortin receptor subtypes.
The MC4R receptor appears most relevant for central nervous system research applications. This receptor is expressed in hypothalamic neurons and limbic system structures. Furthermore, MC3R activation has been linked to various physiological responses in research models. Understanding these receptor interactions helps scientists interpret experimental findings.
What have clinical trials revealed about PT-141?
Clinical trials have generated extensive data about PT-141 properties and effects. The Phase 3 RECONNECT trials enrolled over 1,247 participants in double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. These trials used rigorous methodology including randomization and validated outcome measures. Consequently, the data provides reliable information about the compound’s characteristics.
Researchers observed statistically significant differences between active compound and placebo groups. Both Study 301 and Study 302 demonstrated significant findings on primary endpoints. Additionally, 52-week open-label extension phases provided long-term observation data. The trials documented both efficacy signals and safety observations.
What is the pharmacokinetic profile of PT-141 based on research?
Research has characterized the pharmacokinetic properties of PT-141 comprehensively. Subcutaneous administration achieves approximately 100% bioavailability. Peak plasma concentrations occur at approximately one hour post-administration. The elimination half-life averages 2.7 hours, allowing for predictable compound disposition.
Additionally, studies have documented distribution and elimination characteristics. The volume of distribution is approximately 25 liters, with 21% plasma protein binding. Metabolism occurs through peptide bond hydrolysis rather than hepatic microsomal enzymes. Elimination proceeds through both urinary (64.8%) and fecal (22.8%) routes.
What safety observations have been documented in PT-141 research?
Safety monitoring in clinical trials has documented various observations. The most common finding was nausea, occurring in approximately 40% of participants receiving active compound. Other observations included flushing, headache, and injection site reactions. Most effects were mild to moderate and transient in nature.
Researchers also documented cardiovascular observations including transient blood pressure changes. These effects typically normalized within the observation period. Long-term studies showed consistent safety profiles without emergence of new signals. Furthermore, minimal skin pigmentation changes occurred at studied concentrations.
How does PT-141 differ from other peptides in research?
PT-141 differs from other research peptides through its unique mechanism of action. While derived from Melanotan 2, structural modifications created distinct properties. Most notably, PT-141 acts through central nervous system pathways rather than peripheral mechanisms. This neurogenic action distinguishes it from many other compounds.
Additionally, PT-141 demonstrates different receptor binding characteristics compared to related peptides. Its cyclic structure provides stability while maintaining receptor affinity. Furthermore, its pharmacokinetic profile allows for predictable study design. These characteristics make it valuable for specific research applications.
What brain regions are affected by PT-141 according to neuroimaging studies?
Neuroimaging research has identified several brain regions affected by MC4R agonism. Studies using functional MRI have documented enhanced connectivity between the amygdala and insula. The hypothalamus, particularly the paraventricular nucleus, shows responsiveness to melanocortin signaling. Additionally, medial preoptic area activity changes have been observed.
These neuroimaging findings help researchers understand how PT-141 affects neural processing. The observed connectivity changes suggest complex effects on brain networks. Furthermore, the hypothalamic effects align with known MC4R expression patterns. This neuroimaging evidence supports the central mechanism of action.
What is the current regulatory status of PT-141?
Bremelanotide received FDA approval in 2019 under the brand name Vyleesi for a specific indication in premenopausal women. However, for research purposes, PT-141 is available as a research compound. It is important to note that all research use must comply with applicable regulations. This compound is not intended for human consumption outside of approved clinical settings.
Furthermore, ongoing clinical research continues under investigational protocols. Phase 2 studies examining combination formulations were initiated in 2024. Researchers must obtain appropriate approvals and follow ethical guidelines when conducting studies. The regulatory landscape continues to evolve as research progresses.
How is PT-141 being studied in combination research?
Recent research initiatives have explored PT-141 in combination studies. Palatin Technologies announced Phase 2 trials examining co-formulations with other compounds. These combination studies aim to explore potential synergistic effects. Additionally, researchers are investigating different delivery mechanisms for research applications.
Combination research represents an emerging direction in the field. Scientists are examining whether melanocortin agonism may complement other mechanisms. Furthermore, new formulation approaches may enhance research applications. These ongoing investigations continue to expand understanding of PT-141 properties.
What does future PT-141 research look like?
Future PT-141 research directions include several promising areas. Scientists continue developing more selective melanocortin receptor agonists for research applications. Additionally, neuroimaging techniques are advancing to provide more detailed brain activity data. Furthermore, genetic studies are examining how receptor polymorphisms affect responses.
The broader melanocortin research field continues to grow. Understanding these receptor systems has implications for multiple scientific disciplines. PT-141 serves as one tool among many for investigating melanocortin biology. Consequently, ongoing research will likely yield new insights and applications in the years ahead.
Conclusion: The Significance of PT-141 Research
PT-141 research has contributed significantly to scientific understanding of the melanocortin system. Through clinical trials, pharmacokinetic studies, and neuroimaging investigations, researchers have developed comprehensive knowledge about this compound. Moreover, these findings have broader implications for understanding central nervous system receptor function.
The unique mechanism of action makes PT-141 a valuable research tool. Its ability to activate MC3R and MC4R receptors in the central nervous system distinguishes it from compounds acting through peripheral pathways. Additionally, its well-characterized pharmacokinetic profile facilitates research study design. Therefore, PT-141 continues to serve important roles in scientific investigation.
As research progresses, new insights will likely emerge about melanocortin receptor function and signaling. Ongoing clinical studies and preclinical investigations continue to expand the knowledge base. Furthermore, methodological advances enable more sophisticated research approaches. The scientific community remains committed to advancing understanding in this field.
Important Notice: This information is provided strictly for educational and research purposes only. PT-141 is intended for laboratory research use only and is not intended for human consumption. All research must be conducted in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Researchers should consult appropriate guidelines and obtain necessary approvals before conducting any studies.
Melanotan peptides exist in a complex legal gray area in the United States and most countries worldwide. While not explicitly scheduled as controlled substances, these synthetic peptides are not approved for human use by regulatory agencies. Understanding the current legal status helps researchers and consumers navigate this complicated landscape responsibly. The legality of Melanotan I …
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PT-141 Research: Scientific Studies & Findings Explained
PT-141 research has emerged as a fascinating area of scientific inquiry in recent years. This synthetic peptide, also known as bremelanotide, represents a unique approach to studying melanocortin receptor activation and its effects on neural pathways. Moreover, understanding PT-141 research findings can provide valuable insights into how this compound interacts with the central nervous system. The information presented here is intended strictly for research purposes only and is not intended for human consumption.
Researchers have been particularly interested in PT-141 because of its distinctive mechanism of action. Unlike other compounds that work through vascular pathways, this peptide acts directly on melanocortin receptors in the brain. Consequently, PT-141 has become an important tool for studying neurological responses and receptor activation. Additionally, scientific investigations have revealed that this peptide can help researchers understand complex brain-body communication systems.
In this comprehensive research overview, we will explore the scientific findings surrounding PT-141. Furthermore, we will examine the clinical studies that have been conducted, the mechanism of action that makes this peptide unique, and what laboratory research has revealed about its properties. This information is designed to support researchers and scientists in their understanding of this compound.
What Is PT-141? Understanding the Research Background
PT-141, scientifically known as bremelanotide, is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide derived from alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). According to research published on ScienceDirect, this compound was developed through modifications to the parent molecule Melanotan 2. Researchers discovered that certain structural changes created a compound with distinct receptor binding properties.
The development of PT-141 represents an important milestone in peptide research. Originally, scientists were investigating melanocortin receptor agonists for various research applications. However, they noticed that this particular compound demonstrated unique effects when studied in laboratory settings. Therefore, it became a subject of focused scientific investigation.
The Melanocortin Receptor System
To understand PT-141 research, it is essential to comprehend the melanocortin receptor system. There are five known melanocortin receptors, designated MC1R through MC5R. Each receptor plays different roles in physiological processes throughout the body. Additionally, these receptors are distributed across various tissues, including the skin and central nervous system.
Research has shown that PT-141 acts as a non-selective agonist for multiple melanocortin receptors. Studies published in DrugBank indicate that it has particular affinity for MC3R and MC4R receptors. These receptors are found primarily in the hypothalamus and other brain regions. Consequently, researchers have been interested in studying how activation of these receptors affects neural pathways.
$70.00Original price was: $70.00.$50.00Current price is: $50.00.Historical Development of PT-141 Research
The research history of PT-141 spans several decades. Initially, scientists at research institutions began studying melanocortin peptides in the 1990s. Subsequently, they developed various analogs to better understand receptor binding and activation. The compound now known as PT-141 emerged from these early research efforts.
Furthermore, early preclinical studies demonstrated that PT-141 had distinct properties compared to other melanocortin agonists. Researchers noted that it could cross the blood-brain barrier and interact with central nervous system receptors. This discovery opened new avenues for scientific investigation into melanocortin signaling pathways.
PT-141 Research: Mechanism of Action Explained
Understanding the mechanism of action is crucial for comprehending PT-141 research. According to studies published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, this peptide works through a unique neurogenic pathway. Rather than acting on peripheral tissues, PT-141 primarily affects receptors in the central nervous system.
When PT-141 binds to melanocortin receptors, it triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling events. Research indicates that MC4R activation, in particular, leads to changes in neurotransmitter activity. Specifically, studies have observed increased dopamine signaling in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus. This region is known to play important roles in regulating various physiological responses.
Central Nervous System Pathways
The central nervous system effects of PT-141 have been extensively studied. Research published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation examined brain activity patterns following MC4R agonist administration. Investigators found enhanced functional connectivity between the amygdala and insula during certain stimuli. These findings suggest complex neural processing effects.
Additionally, studies have examined how PT-141 affects other brain regions. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus appears to be particularly responsive to melanocortin signaling. Researchers have documented changes in neural activity patterns in these areas. Therefore, PT-141 provides a valuable tool for studying hypothalamic function.
Receptor Binding Specificity
PT-141 demonstrates interesting receptor binding characteristics. While it activates multiple melanocortin receptors, its affinity varies across receptor subtypes. Research indicates the following order of binding potency: MC1R, MC4R, MC3R, MC5R, and MC2R. This binding profile contributes to the compound’s diverse research applications.
The MC4R receptor appears to be most relevant for certain research applications. This receptor is expressed in hypothalamic neurons and the limbic system. Studies using knockout mice models have demonstrated that MC4R plays important roles in various physiological processes. Consequently, PT-141 serves as a useful pharmacological tool for MC4R research.
Clinical Research Studies on PT-141
Significant clinical research has been conducted on PT-141 over the past two decades. The RECONNECT trials, comprising two Phase 3 studies, enrolled over 1,247 research participants. These studies examined the effects of bremelanotide administration in controlled settings. Moreover, the data from these trials provided valuable insights into the compound’s properties.
According to research published in PMC, long-term safety data from these studies showed favorable outcomes. The 52-week open-label extension phase provided extended observation periods. Researchers documented that most adverse events were mild to moderate in intensity. Furthermore, the studies generated important pharmacokinetic data about the compound.
Phase 3 Trial Design and Methodology
The Phase 3 RECONNECT studies utilized rigorous scientific methodology. Researchers employed double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized parallel group designs. Study 301 included 630 participants, while Study 302 included 617 participants. Consequently, these trials provided robust statistical power for analysis.
The trial design included screening periods, placebo run-in phases, and randomized treatment periods. Researchers used validated outcome measures to assess responses. Additionally, safety monitoring occurred throughout the study duration. This comprehensive approach generated high-quality data for scientific analysis.
$70.00Original price was: $70.00.$50.00Current price is: $50.00.Key Research Findings
The clinical research revealed several important findings about PT-141. Researchers observed statistically significant differences between active and placebo groups on primary endpoints. In Study 301, the difference reached statistical significance at p < 0.0002. Similarly, Study 302 demonstrated significant findings at p < 0.0001.
Furthermore, researchers examined various secondary endpoints throughout the trials. The data showed consistent patterns across multiple measures. Additionally, subgroup analyses provided insights into response patterns among different populations. These findings contributed to the scientific understanding of PT-141.
Pharmacokinetic Properties Observed in Research
Understanding the pharmacokinetic profile of PT-141 is essential for research applications. Studies have documented various absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion characteristics. This information helps researchers design appropriate study protocols and interpret experimental results.
Research indicates that subcutaneous administration achieves approximately 100% bioavailability. Peak plasma concentrations occur at approximately one hour after administration. The elimination half-life has been measured at approximately 2.7 hours, with a range of 1.9 to 4.0 hours. These parameters are important considerations for research study design.
Absorption and Distribution
Studies examining absorption characteristics have yielded consistent results. The mean maximum plasma concentration reaches approximately 72.8 ng/mL following subcutaneous administration. Furthermore, researchers found that the area under the curve (AUC) averaged 276 hr*ng/mL. These values remained consistent across different administration sites.
The volume of distribution has been measured at approximately 25.0 liters. This relatively low value suggests limited tissue distribution. Additionally, plasma protein binding is approximately 21%, indicating that most of the compound circulates in free form. Consequently, the compound has predictable distribution characteristics.
Metabolism and Elimination
PT-141 undergoes metabolism primarily through hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Unlike many small molecule compounds, it does not require hepatic microsomal enzyme metabolism. Therefore, drug-drug interactions through these pathways are unlikely. This characteristic simplifies research protocol design.
Elimination occurs through both renal and fecal routes. Studies indicate that approximately 64.8% is excreted in urine, while 22.8% appears in feces. The mean clearance rate is approximately 6.5 L/h. These elimination characteristics are important for understanding compound disposition in research settings.
Safety Profile Observed in Research Studies
Safety assessment has been a crucial component of PT-141 research. Clinical trials documented various observations during study periods. Understanding these findings helps researchers evaluate the compound’s properties and plan appropriate study protocols.
The most commonly observed effects in research studies included transient physiological responses. Nausea was reported in approximately 40% of research participants receiving active compound compared to 1% in placebo groups. Additionally, flushing, headache, and injection site reactions were documented. Most events were mild to moderate and resolved without intervention.
Cardiovascular Observations
Researchers have documented transient cardiovascular effects following PT-141 administration. Studies observed small, temporary increases in blood pressure. Additionally, some research participants showed decreased heart rate. These effects typically normalized within the observation period.
The cardiovascular findings have implications for research participant selection criteria. Studies have typically excluded participants with uncontrolled hypertension or significant cardiovascular conditions. Furthermore, researchers have implemented monitoring protocols to track these parameters. These safety considerations are standard practice in peptide research.
Long-Term Observation Data
Extended observation studies have provided valuable safety information. The 52-week open-label extension phases allowed researchers to document effects over longer periods. Overall, the safety profile remained consistent with observations from shorter studies. Moreover, no new safety signals emerged during extended follow-up.
Researchers also examined potential effects on skin pigmentation. Because PT-141 activates MC1R receptors involved in melanogenesis, hyperpigmentation was a theoretical concern. However, clinical studies documented minimal occurrence of this effect at the concentrations studied. This finding was consistent with the compound’s receptor binding profile.
$70.00Original price was: $70.00.$50.00Current price is: $50.00.PT-141 Research Applications and Future Directions
PT-141 research continues to evolve with new investigations underway. Scientists are exploring additional applications for melanocortin receptor agonists. Furthermore, combination studies are examining potential synergistic effects with other compounds. These research directions may yield new insights into melanocortin biology.
In 2024, Palatin Technologies announced initiation of Phase 2 clinical studies examining bremelanotide in combination formulations. These studies aim to explore potential applications in research populations that have not been previously studied. Moreover, investigators are developing new delivery mechanisms for research applications.
Emerging Research Areas
Several emerging research areas involve PT-141 or related compounds. Scientists are investigating melanocortin signaling in metabolic research. Additionally, neuroscience researchers are studying MC4R receptor function using various agonists. Consequently, PT-141 serves as a valuable pharmacological tool across multiple research disciplines.
Furthermore, researchers are examining how genetic variations affect melanocortin receptor function. Studies using knockout mouse models have provided insights into receptor-specific effects. These preclinical investigations continue to expand understanding of the melanocortin system. Therefore, PT-141 research contributes to broader scientific knowledge.
Methodological Advances
Research methodology in the PT-141 field continues to advance. Neuroimaging studies using functional MRI have revealed brain activity patterns associated with MC4R agonism. Additionally, improved outcome measures allow more precise quantification of effects. These methodological improvements enhance the quality of research findings.
Researchers are also developing more selective melanocortin receptor agonists. While PT-141 acts on multiple receptor subtypes, newer compounds may provide greater selectivity. This selectivity could allow researchers to dissect receptor-specific effects more precisely. Consequently, the next generation of melanocortin research tools may offer new capabilities.
Understanding PT-141 in the Context of Melanocortin Research
PT-141 research fits within the broader context of melanocortin system investigation. The melanocortin system regulates numerous physiological processes, including pigmentation, inflammation, energy homeostasis, and reproduction. Therefore, studying this system has wide-ranging scientific implications.
The five melanocortin receptors each play distinct roles. MC1R primarily regulates skin and hair pigmentation. MC2R is the receptor for ACTH in the adrenal cortex. MC3R and MC4R are involved in energy balance and other CNS functions. MC5R has roles in exocrine gland function. Understanding these receptors requires various pharmacological tools.
Comparative Receptor Pharmacology
PT-141 provides a useful tool for comparative receptor studies. Its non-selective binding allows researchers to examine effects across multiple receptor subtypes. Additionally, comparing PT-141 effects to more selective compounds helps identify receptor-specific mechanisms. This comparative approach advances understanding of melanocortin biology.
Furthermore, structural studies of PT-141 binding have informed drug design efforts. The cyclic heptapeptide structure provides stability while maintaining receptor affinity. Researchers have used these structural insights to develop additional compounds. Consequently, PT-141 research has contributed to medicinal chemistry advances.
Frequently Asked Questions About PT-141 Research
What is PT-141 and how is it used in research?
PT-141, also known as bremelanotide, is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide derived from alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. It serves as a melanocortin receptor agonist in scientific research settings. Researchers use this compound to study receptor activation, neural pathways, and various physiological processes. The peptide has been the subject of numerous clinical and preclinical studies examining its properties and effects.
In research applications, PT-141 provides a pharmacological tool for investigating the melanocortin system. Scientists have used it to study MC3R and MC4R receptor function in particular. Additionally, it has helped researchers understand how melanocortin signaling affects various physiological pathways. This compound is intended strictly for research purposes only.
What receptors does PT-141 target according to research studies?
Research has established that PT-141 acts as a non-selective agonist for melanocortin receptors. It binds to MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R with varying affinities. The order of binding potency, according to studies, is MC1R, MC4R, MC3R, MC5R, and finally MC2R. This binding profile makes it useful for studying multiple melanocortin receptor subtypes.
The MC4R receptor appears most relevant for central nervous system research applications. This receptor is expressed in hypothalamic neurons and limbic system structures. Furthermore, MC3R activation has been linked to various physiological responses in research models. Understanding these receptor interactions helps scientists interpret experimental findings.
What have clinical trials revealed about PT-141?
Clinical trials have generated extensive data about PT-141 properties and effects. The Phase 3 RECONNECT trials enrolled over 1,247 participants in double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. These trials used rigorous methodology including randomization and validated outcome measures. Consequently, the data provides reliable information about the compound’s characteristics.
Researchers observed statistically significant differences between active compound and placebo groups. Both Study 301 and Study 302 demonstrated significant findings on primary endpoints. Additionally, 52-week open-label extension phases provided long-term observation data. The trials documented both efficacy signals and safety observations.
What is the pharmacokinetic profile of PT-141 based on research?
Research has characterized the pharmacokinetic properties of PT-141 comprehensively. Subcutaneous administration achieves approximately 100% bioavailability. Peak plasma concentrations occur at approximately one hour post-administration. The elimination half-life averages 2.7 hours, allowing for predictable compound disposition.
Additionally, studies have documented distribution and elimination characteristics. The volume of distribution is approximately 25 liters, with 21% plasma protein binding. Metabolism occurs through peptide bond hydrolysis rather than hepatic microsomal enzymes. Elimination proceeds through both urinary (64.8%) and fecal (22.8%) routes.
What safety observations have been documented in PT-141 research?
Safety monitoring in clinical trials has documented various observations. The most common finding was nausea, occurring in approximately 40% of participants receiving active compound. Other observations included flushing, headache, and injection site reactions. Most effects were mild to moderate and transient in nature.
Researchers also documented cardiovascular observations including transient blood pressure changes. These effects typically normalized within the observation period. Long-term studies showed consistent safety profiles without emergence of new signals. Furthermore, minimal skin pigmentation changes occurred at studied concentrations.
How does PT-141 differ from other peptides in research?
PT-141 differs from other research peptides through its unique mechanism of action. While derived from Melanotan 2, structural modifications created distinct properties. Most notably, PT-141 acts through central nervous system pathways rather than peripheral mechanisms. This neurogenic action distinguishes it from many other compounds.
Additionally, PT-141 demonstrates different receptor binding characteristics compared to related peptides. Its cyclic structure provides stability while maintaining receptor affinity. Furthermore, its pharmacokinetic profile allows for predictable study design. These characteristics make it valuable for specific research applications.
What brain regions are affected by PT-141 according to neuroimaging studies?
Neuroimaging research has identified several brain regions affected by MC4R agonism. Studies using functional MRI have documented enhanced connectivity between the amygdala and insula. The hypothalamus, particularly the paraventricular nucleus, shows responsiveness to melanocortin signaling. Additionally, medial preoptic area activity changes have been observed.
These neuroimaging findings help researchers understand how PT-141 affects neural processing. The observed connectivity changes suggest complex effects on brain networks. Furthermore, the hypothalamic effects align with known MC4R expression patterns. This neuroimaging evidence supports the central mechanism of action.
What is the current regulatory status of PT-141?
Bremelanotide received FDA approval in 2019 under the brand name Vyleesi for a specific indication in premenopausal women. However, for research purposes, PT-141 is available as a research compound. It is important to note that all research use must comply with applicable regulations. This compound is not intended for human consumption outside of approved clinical settings.
Furthermore, ongoing clinical research continues under investigational protocols. Phase 2 studies examining combination formulations were initiated in 2024. Researchers must obtain appropriate approvals and follow ethical guidelines when conducting studies. The regulatory landscape continues to evolve as research progresses.
How is PT-141 being studied in combination research?
Recent research initiatives have explored PT-141 in combination studies. Palatin Technologies announced Phase 2 trials examining co-formulations with other compounds. These combination studies aim to explore potential synergistic effects. Additionally, researchers are investigating different delivery mechanisms for research applications.
Combination research represents an emerging direction in the field. Scientists are examining whether melanocortin agonism may complement other mechanisms. Furthermore, new formulation approaches may enhance research applications. These ongoing investigations continue to expand understanding of PT-141 properties.
What does future PT-141 research look like?
Future PT-141 research directions include several promising areas. Scientists continue developing more selective melanocortin receptor agonists for research applications. Additionally, neuroimaging techniques are advancing to provide more detailed brain activity data. Furthermore, genetic studies are examining how receptor polymorphisms affect responses.
The broader melanocortin research field continues to grow. Understanding these receptor systems has implications for multiple scientific disciplines. PT-141 serves as one tool among many for investigating melanocortin biology. Consequently, ongoing research will likely yield new insights and applications in the years ahead.
Conclusion: The Significance of PT-141 Research
PT-141 research has contributed significantly to scientific understanding of the melanocortin system. Through clinical trials, pharmacokinetic studies, and neuroimaging investigations, researchers have developed comprehensive knowledge about this compound. Moreover, these findings have broader implications for understanding central nervous system receptor function.
The unique mechanism of action makes PT-141 a valuable research tool. Its ability to activate MC3R and MC4R receptors in the central nervous system distinguishes it from compounds acting through peripheral pathways. Additionally, its well-characterized pharmacokinetic profile facilitates research study design. Therefore, PT-141 continues to serve important roles in scientific investigation.
As research progresses, new insights will likely emerge about melanocortin receptor function and signaling. Ongoing clinical studies and preclinical investigations continue to expand the knowledge base. Furthermore, methodological advances enable more sophisticated research approaches. The scientific community remains committed to advancing understanding in this field.
Important Notice: This information is provided strictly for educational and research purposes only. PT-141 is intended for laboratory research use only and is not intended for human consumption. All research must be conducted in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Researchers should consult appropriate guidelines and obtain necessary approvals before conducting any studies.
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