Cagrilintide peptide is rapidly emerging as a fascinating area of research in the world of metabolic science, offering a distinct and powerful mechanism for `weight-management` that challenges the current dominance of GLP-1 receptor agonists. While compounds like GLP1-S have rightfully captured the spotlight for their profound effects on `glucose` control and `obesity`, Cagrilintide operates through a different, yet equally fundamental, biological pathway: the amylin system. This difference is not just an academic detail; it represents a new frontier in understanding and potentially modulating `appetite` and `satiety`.
For researchers dedicated to unpacking the complex puzzle of human metabolism, the rise of this long-acting `amylin-analog` presents an exciting opportunity. It forces us to look beyond the incretin system and consider the synergistic relationship between the hormones that govern our feelings of hunger and fullness. Is Cagrilintide a competitor to GLP-1s, or is it the missing piece of a more comprehensive metabolic solution? Let’s dive into the science.
Understanding the Amylin Pathway
Before we can appreciate what makes Cagrilintide special, we need to talk about its natural counterpart: amylin. Amylin is a peptide hormone that is co-secreted with insulin from the pancreatic beta cells in response to food intake. Think of insulin and amylin as partners working in concert to manage the post-meal metabolic state. While insulin is busy managing blood `glucose`, amylin has its own critical jobs.
Amylin’s primary roles are central to `appetite` regulation. First, it acts on the brain, specifically areas like the area postrema, to promote a feeling of fullness, or `satiety`. This is a key signal that tells your body it’s time to stop eating. Second, it slows down the rate at which your stomach empties its contents into the small intestine. This delayed gastric emptying means you feel physically fuller for a longer period after a meal, further reducing the desire to eat again too soon.
Finally, amylin helps to suppress the post-meal secretion of glucagon. Glucagon is a hormone that tells the liver to release stored `glucose` into the bloodstream. By tamping down on inappropriate glucagon release after eating, amylin helps maintain smoother blood sugar levels.
Despite its powerful effects, natural amylin has a major limitation for research and therapeutic development: it’s very unstable and has a short half-life, being cleared from the body in a matter of minutes. It also has a tendency to clump together into amyloid fibrils. This is where the concept of an `amylin-analog` comes in—a synthetic version designed to mimic the beneficial effects of natural amylin but with enhanced stability and a much longer duration of action.
What Sets Cagrilintide Peptide Apart?
Cagrilintide is a next-generation, long-acting `amylin-analog`. It was meticulously designed through peptide engineering to overcome the shortcomings of natural amylin. Its structure has been modified, including a process called acylation, which allows it to bind to albumin in the bloodstream. This binding acts like a reservoir, slowly releasing the peptide over time and extending its half-life to approximately 7-8 days.
This long half-life is a game-changer, allowing for the possibility of weekly administration in research settings, a significant improvement over earlier amylin analogs that required multiple daily injections. The core mechanism, however, remains true to its origins. Cagrilintide exerts its effects primarily by activating amylin receptors in the brain, signaling profound `satiety` and reducing overall caloric intake.
This central nervous system activity is the cornerstone of its `weight-management` potential. Unlike some other metabolic peptides that have a more direct and potent effect on insulin secretion, Cagrilintide’s influence on `glucose` is more subtle and secondary to its powerful effects on `appetite` and gastric motility. Studies have shown that its administration leads to a dose-dependent reduction in food intake, which in turn drives weight loss.
A Quick Recap on GLP-1 Agonists
To understand the “Cagrilintide advantage,” we need a clear picture of what it’s being compared to. GLP-1 receptor agonists, such as the well-researched compound `GLP1-S`, have become the gold standard in metabolic research for `obesity`. These peptides mimic the action of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone released from the gut after eating.
GLP-1 agonists have a powerful dual-action mechanism. First, they stimulate the pancreas to release insulin in a `glucose`-dependent manner, meaning they only work when blood sugar is elevated. This makes them highly effective for glycemic control. Second, just like amylin, they act on the brain to suppress `appetite` and slow gastric emptying, contributing to weight loss.
The incredible success of compounds like GLP1-S and the newer dual-agonist GLP2-T in clinical research for weight loss is undeniable. They leverage the incretin system to achieve significant reductions in both weight and HbA1c. But their action is confined to the GLP-1 (and in the case of GLP2-T, GIP) receptor pathways.
The Cagrilintide Peptide Advantage: A Different Path to Satiety
Herein lies the unique proposition of Cagrilintide. It doesn’t compete for the GLP-1 receptor. Instead, it opens up an entirely separate, parallel pathway for tackling `appetite` and `weight-management`: the amylin pathway. This is not just a different door to the same room; it’s a different wing of the metabolic mansion.
The “advantage” of the `amylin-analog` approach can be viewed in several ways:
1. A Unique Mechanism for Satiety: While both GLP-1 and amylin analogs induce `satiety`, the specific neural circuits they activate may differ. By targeting the amylin receptor, Cagrilintide provides a way to modulate `appetite` that is independent of the incretin system. This could be particularly relevant in scenarios where the response to GLP-1 agonists is suboptimal.
2. Focus on Weight Management: Research has shown Cagrilintide to be a potent agent for weight loss, even when used as a monotherapy. A significant Phase 2 clinical trial published in The Lancet investigated Cagrilintide alone across various doses for `weight-management` in individuals with overweight or `obesity`. The results were compelling, demonstrating dose-dependent weight loss of up to 10.8% from baseline over 26 weeks (1). This effect was attributed primarily to a reduction in caloric intake, confirming its powerful effect on `satiety`.
3. A Potentially Better Tolerability Profile for Some: While GLP-1 agonists are revolutionary, their gastrointestinal side effects (like nausea) can be a limiting factor in research. Because Cagrilintide acts through a different receptor system, its tolerability profile, while still including some GI effects, might differ from that of GLP-1 agonists, offering another variable for researchers to study.
So, is Cagrilintide “better” than GLP1-S? The question is likely flawed. The more exciting prospect, and where the science is heading, is not about replacement but about partnership.
The Synergistic Potential: Combining Amylin and GLP-1 Pathways
The true “amylin advantage” may not be in choosing it over a GLP-1 agonist, but in using it with one. Since Cagrilintide and GLP1-S work through distinct biological pathways, combining them offers the potential for additive or even synergistic effects on `weight-management`. It’s a classic 1+1=3 scenario.
This hypothesis was tested in a groundbreaking Phase 1b trial, the results of which were also published in The Lancet. In this study, researchers investigated the effects of co-administering Cagrilintide with `GLP1-S` (a combination nicknamed “CagriSema” in research circles). The results were nothing short of spectacular.
Participants receiving the combination therapy achieved a mean weight loss of 15-17% of their body weight over just 20 weeks (2). This level of weight reduction was significantly greater than what was observed with either Cagrilintide or `GLP1-S` alone in previous trials of similar duration. This suggests a powerful synergy between the two pathways. By simultaneously targeting the brain’s `satiety` centers via both the amylin and GLP-1 systems, the `appetite`-suppressing effect appears to be dramatically amplified.
This multi-agonist strategy is the future of `obesity` research. We are moving away from the single-target approach and embracing a more holistic model that acknowledges the redundant and complex hormonal systems governing body weight. The success of this combination validates the idea that hitting the problem from multiple angles can yield results far greater than the sum of the parts.
Exploring Beyond Weight Management with Cagrilintide Peptide
The primary focus of Cagrilintide research has been on `obesity`, but its mechanism opens doors to other areas of investigation. By modulating `satiety` and food intake, it has downstream effects on a host of metabolic parameters. Researchers are likely to explore its long-term effects on cardiovascular health markers, inflammation, and insulin sensitivity.
Furthermore, understanding how the brain responds to amylin signaling could provide deeper insights into the neurobiology of hunger and cravings. This could inform the development of even more targeted and effective `weight-management` compounds in the future. The Cagrilintide story is a powerful reminder that there are still fundamental hormonal pathways ripe for exploration.
As researchers continue to investigate compounds that offer multi-faceted mechanisms of action, such as GLP2-T (a GIP/GLP-1 agonist) and GLP3-R (a GIP/GLP-1/Glucagon agonist), the role of the non-incretin amylin pathway becomes even more crucial. It stands out as a unique and powerful partner that can be combined with these other mechanisms to push the boundaries of what’s possible in metabolic science.
Frequently Asked Questions About Cagrilintide Research
Q1: How does Cagrilintide’s mechanism really differ from GLP1-S?
The simplest explanation is that they target different receptors. `GLP1-S` primarily activates the GLP-1 receptor, which is part of the incretin system and strongly influences both insulin secretion and `appetite`. Cagrilintide, an `amylin-analog`, activates the amylin receptor, which is not an incretin pathway and whose effects are more predominantly focused on central `satiety` and slowing gastric emptying.
Q2: In research, is Cagrilintide more for glucose control or weight management?
Based on current data, Cagrilintide’s primary strength appears to be in `weight-management` through potent `appetite` suppression. While it does have modest beneficial effects on `glucose` control (partly by suppressing glucagon and slowing nutrient absorption), it does not stimulate insulin secretion in the same direct, `glucose`-dependent way that a GLP-1 agonist does. Therefore, it is generally studied as a primary `obesity` agent.
Q3: What is “CagriSema”?
“CagriSema” is the informal name given in research circles to the combination therapy of Cagrilintide and `GLP1-S` (the research compound version of Semaglutide). Studies combining these two agents have shown synergistic effects, leading to significantly greater weight loss than either compound achieves on its own.
Q4: Why is a long-acting amylin-analog like Cagrilintide necessary for research?
The native human hormone amylin, while effective, is cleared from the body in minutes and is prone to forming clumps, making it unsuitable for consistent, long-term study. A long-acting `amylin-analog` like Cagrilintide is chemically modified to be stable and have a half-life of about a week, allowing for sustained activation of the amylin pathway, which is essential for studying its chronic effects on `appetite`, `satiety`, and body weight.
The Future is Synergistic
So, does the Cagrilintide peptide hold an advantage over GLP-1s? The answer is nuanced. As a standalone agent, it represents a powerful and distinct alternative for inducing `satiety` and driving weight loss. It confirms that the amylin pathway is a viable and potent target in the fight against `obesity`.
However, the true “amylin advantage” may be its role as the ultimate team player. Its ability to work in synergy with GLP-1 receptor agonists, as demonstrated by the “CagriSema” combination, unlocks a new level of efficacy in `weight-management` research. This combinatorial approach is paving the way for a new era in metabolic science, one where we target the multifactorial nature of `obesity` with a multi-pronged strategy.
For research laboratories aiming to be at the cutting edge of metabolic studies, exploring the effects of Cagrilintide is essential. Understanding its unique mechanism, both alone and in combination, is key to pushing the boundaries of what we know about `appetite` regulation. Similarly, having a baseline control by comparing it against established research compounds like GLP1-S provides the robust data needed for high-impact findings. At Oath Peptides, we are committed to providing researchers with the highest purity compounds to facilitate this groundbreaking work.
Disclaimer: All products sold by Oath Peptides, including Cagrilintide and GLP1-S, are strictly for laboratory and research purposes only. They are not intended for human or animal use. These compounds should only be handled and used by licensed, qualified professionals.
—
References:
1. Lau, D. C. W., et al. (2021). Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight and obesity: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and active-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial. The Lancet, 398(10317), 2160–2172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01751-7
2. Frias, J. P., et al. (2021). Efficacy and safety of co-administered cagrilintide and semaglutide 2.4 mg for weight management: a randomised, double-blind, phase 1b trial. The Lancet, 398(10317), 2180–2190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01773-6
3. Lutz, T. A. (2018). Amylin- and GLP-1-based combination pharmacotherapy for obesity and diabetes. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 27(12), 945–954. https://doi.org/10.1080/13543784.2018.1541457
If youre serious about rapid tissue-repair and recovery, Oath Research’s powerful peptide blends could be your game-changer, supporting everything from wound-healing and collagen production to anti-inflammatory relief and enhanced angiogenesis. Discover how cutting-edge peptides unlock your body’s true healing potential!
Discover how amylin-analog cagrilintide is reshaping weight-management by making it easier to tame appetite, boost satiety, and support healthier glucose levels throughout your journey to overcome obesity. Dive in to see why this breakthrough is captivating the research world and opening new doors for metabolic health!
However, if you’re interested in are the side effects of GLP-1 drugs, you’re not alone. This question—What are the side effects of GLP-1 drugs?—has become increasingly important as more people explore peptide therapies for various health goals. Understanding are the side effects of GLP-1 drugs requires looking at both the scientific research and practical considerations. …
Discover how MOTS‑c, a powerful metabolic peptide, is revolutionizing the way we approach effortless health—boosting metabolism, enhancing cellular resilience, and paving the way for healthier aging. Explore the science and practical benefits behind MOTS‑c to see why it’s gaining attention in the world of health research.
Cagrilintide Peptide: The Amylin Advantage Over GLP1-S?
Cagrilintide peptide is rapidly emerging as a fascinating area of research in the world of metabolic science, offering a distinct and powerful mechanism for `weight-management` that challenges the current dominance of GLP-1 receptor agonists. While compounds like GLP1-S have rightfully captured the spotlight for their profound effects on `glucose` control and `obesity`, Cagrilintide operates through a different, yet equally fundamental, biological pathway: the amylin system. This difference is not just an academic detail; it represents a new frontier in understanding and potentially modulating `appetite` and `satiety`.
For researchers dedicated to unpacking the complex puzzle of human metabolism, the rise of this long-acting `amylin-analog` presents an exciting opportunity. It forces us to look beyond the incretin system and consider the synergistic relationship between the hormones that govern our feelings of hunger and fullness. Is Cagrilintide a competitor to GLP-1s, or is it the missing piece of a more comprehensive metabolic solution? Let’s dive into the science.
Understanding the Amylin Pathway
Before we can appreciate what makes Cagrilintide special, we need to talk about its natural counterpart: amylin. Amylin is a peptide hormone that is co-secreted with insulin from the pancreatic beta cells in response to food intake. Think of insulin and amylin as partners working in concert to manage the post-meal metabolic state. While insulin is busy managing blood `glucose`, amylin has its own critical jobs.
Amylin’s primary roles are central to `appetite` regulation. First, it acts on the brain, specifically areas like the area postrema, to promote a feeling of fullness, or `satiety`. This is a key signal that tells your body it’s time to stop eating. Second, it slows down the rate at which your stomach empties its contents into the small intestine. This delayed gastric emptying means you feel physically fuller for a longer period after a meal, further reducing the desire to eat again too soon.
Finally, amylin helps to suppress the post-meal secretion of glucagon. Glucagon is a hormone that tells the liver to release stored `glucose` into the bloodstream. By tamping down on inappropriate glucagon release after eating, amylin helps maintain smoother blood sugar levels.
Despite its powerful effects, natural amylin has a major limitation for research and therapeutic development: it’s very unstable and has a short half-life, being cleared from the body in a matter of minutes. It also has a tendency to clump together into amyloid fibrils. This is where the concept of an `amylin-analog` comes in—a synthetic version designed to mimic the beneficial effects of natural amylin but with enhanced stability and a much longer duration of action.
What Sets Cagrilintide Peptide Apart?
Cagrilintide is a next-generation, long-acting `amylin-analog`. It was meticulously designed through peptide engineering to overcome the shortcomings of natural amylin. Its structure has been modified, including a process called acylation, which allows it to bind to albumin in the bloodstream. This binding acts like a reservoir, slowly releasing the peptide over time and extending its half-life to approximately 7-8 days.
This long half-life is a game-changer, allowing for the possibility of weekly administration in research settings, a significant improvement over earlier amylin analogs that required multiple daily injections. The core mechanism, however, remains true to its origins. Cagrilintide exerts its effects primarily by activating amylin receptors in the brain, signaling profound `satiety` and reducing overall caloric intake.
This central nervous system activity is the cornerstone of its `weight-management` potential. Unlike some other metabolic peptides that have a more direct and potent effect on insulin secretion, Cagrilintide’s influence on `glucose` is more subtle and secondary to its powerful effects on `appetite` and gastric motility. Studies have shown that its administration leads to a dose-dependent reduction in food intake, which in turn drives weight loss.
A Quick Recap on GLP-1 Agonists
To understand the “Cagrilintide advantage,” we need a clear picture of what it’s being compared to. GLP-1 receptor agonists, such as the well-researched compound `GLP1-S`, have become the gold standard in metabolic research for `obesity`. These peptides mimic the action of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone released from the gut after eating.
GLP-1 agonists have a powerful dual-action mechanism. First, they stimulate the pancreas to release insulin in a `glucose`-dependent manner, meaning they only work when blood sugar is elevated. This makes them highly effective for glycemic control. Second, just like amylin, they act on the brain to suppress `appetite` and slow gastric emptying, contributing to weight loss.
The incredible success of compounds like GLP1-S and the newer dual-agonist GLP2-T in clinical research for weight loss is undeniable. They leverage the incretin system to achieve significant reductions in both weight and HbA1c. But their action is confined to the GLP-1 (and in the case of GLP2-T, GIP) receptor pathways.
The Cagrilintide Peptide Advantage: A Different Path to Satiety
Herein lies the unique proposition of Cagrilintide. It doesn’t compete for the GLP-1 receptor. Instead, it opens up an entirely separate, parallel pathway for tackling `appetite` and `weight-management`: the amylin pathway. This is not just a different door to the same room; it’s a different wing of the metabolic mansion.
The “advantage” of the `amylin-analog` approach can be viewed in several ways:
1. A Unique Mechanism for Satiety: While both GLP-1 and amylin analogs induce `satiety`, the specific neural circuits they activate may differ. By targeting the amylin receptor, Cagrilintide provides a way to modulate `appetite` that is independent of the incretin system. This could be particularly relevant in scenarios where the response to GLP-1 agonists is suboptimal.
2. Focus on Weight Management: Research has shown Cagrilintide to be a potent agent for weight loss, even when used as a monotherapy. A significant Phase 2 clinical trial published in The Lancet investigated Cagrilintide alone across various doses for `weight-management` in individuals with overweight or `obesity`. The results were compelling, demonstrating dose-dependent weight loss of up to 10.8% from baseline over 26 weeks (1). This effect was attributed primarily to a reduction in caloric intake, confirming its powerful effect on `satiety`.
3. A Potentially Better Tolerability Profile for Some: While GLP-1 agonists are revolutionary, their gastrointestinal side effects (like nausea) can be a limiting factor in research. Because Cagrilintide acts through a different receptor system, its tolerability profile, while still including some GI effects, might differ from that of GLP-1 agonists, offering another variable for researchers to study.
So, is Cagrilintide “better” than GLP1-S? The question is likely flawed. The more exciting prospect, and where the science is heading, is not about replacement but about partnership.
The Synergistic Potential: Combining Amylin and GLP-1 Pathways
The true “amylin advantage” may not be in choosing it over a GLP-1 agonist, but in using it with one. Since Cagrilintide and GLP1-S work through distinct biological pathways, combining them offers the potential for additive or even synergistic effects on `weight-management`. It’s a classic 1+1=3 scenario.
This hypothesis was tested in a groundbreaking Phase 1b trial, the results of which were also published in The Lancet. In this study, researchers investigated the effects of co-administering Cagrilintide with `GLP1-S` (a combination nicknamed “CagriSema” in research circles). The results were nothing short of spectacular.
Participants receiving the combination therapy achieved a mean weight loss of 15-17% of their body weight over just 20 weeks (2). This level of weight reduction was significantly greater than what was observed with either Cagrilintide or `GLP1-S` alone in previous trials of similar duration. This suggests a powerful synergy between the two pathways. By simultaneously targeting the brain’s `satiety` centers via both the amylin and GLP-1 systems, the `appetite`-suppressing effect appears to be dramatically amplified.
This multi-agonist strategy is the future of `obesity` research. We are moving away from the single-target approach and embracing a more holistic model that acknowledges the redundant and complex hormonal systems governing body weight. The success of this combination validates the idea that hitting the problem from multiple angles can yield results far greater than the sum of the parts.
Exploring Beyond Weight Management with Cagrilintide Peptide
The primary focus of Cagrilintide research has been on `obesity`, but its mechanism opens doors to other areas of investigation. By modulating `satiety` and food intake, it has downstream effects on a host of metabolic parameters. Researchers are likely to explore its long-term effects on cardiovascular health markers, inflammation, and insulin sensitivity.
Furthermore, understanding how the brain responds to amylin signaling could provide deeper insights into the neurobiology of hunger and cravings. This could inform the development of even more targeted and effective `weight-management` compounds in the future. The Cagrilintide story is a powerful reminder that there are still fundamental hormonal pathways ripe for exploration.
As researchers continue to investigate compounds that offer multi-faceted mechanisms of action, such as GLP2-T (a GIP/GLP-1 agonist) and GLP3-R (a GIP/GLP-1/Glucagon agonist), the role of the non-incretin amylin pathway becomes even more crucial. It stands out as a unique and powerful partner that can be combined with these other mechanisms to push the boundaries of what’s possible in metabolic science.
Frequently Asked Questions About Cagrilintide Research
Q1: How does Cagrilintide’s mechanism really differ from GLP1-S?
The simplest explanation is that they target different receptors. `GLP1-S` primarily activates the GLP-1 receptor, which is part of the incretin system and strongly influences both insulin secretion and `appetite`. Cagrilintide, an `amylin-analog`, activates the amylin receptor, which is not an incretin pathway and whose effects are more predominantly focused on central `satiety` and slowing gastric emptying.
Q2: In research, is Cagrilintide more for glucose control or weight management?
Based on current data, Cagrilintide’s primary strength appears to be in `weight-management` through potent `appetite` suppression. While it does have modest beneficial effects on `glucose` control (partly by suppressing glucagon and slowing nutrient absorption), it does not stimulate insulin secretion in the same direct, `glucose`-dependent way that a GLP-1 agonist does. Therefore, it is generally studied as a primary `obesity` agent.
Q3: What is “CagriSema”?
“CagriSema” is the informal name given in research circles to the combination therapy of Cagrilintide and `GLP1-S` (the research compound version of Semaglutide). Studies combining these two agents have shown synergistic effects, leading to significantly greater weight loss than either compound achieves on its own.
Q4: Why is a long-acting amylin-analog like Cagrilintide necessary for research?
The native human hormone amylin, while effective, is cleared from the body in minutes and is prone to forming clumps, making it unsuitable for consistent, long-term study. A long-acting `amylin-analog` like Cagrilintide is chemically modified to be stable and have a half-life of about a week, allowing for sustained activation of the amylin pathway, which is essential for studying its chronic effects on `appetite`, `satiety`, and body weight.
The Future is Synergistic
So, does the Cagrilintide peptide hold an advantage over GLP-1s? The answer is nuanced. As a standalone agent, it represents a powerful and distinct alternative for inducing `satiety` and driving weight loss. It confirms that the amylin pathway is a viable and potent target in the fight against `obesity`.
However, the true “amylin advantage” may be its role as the ultimate team player. Its ability to work in synergy with GLP-1 receptor agonists, as demonstrated by the “CagriSema” combination, unlocks a new level of efficacy in `weight-management` research. This combinatorial approach is paving the way for a new era in metabolic science, one where we target the multifactorial nature of `obesity` with a multi-pronged strategy.
For research laboratories aiming to be at the cutting edge of metabolic studies, exploring the effects of Cagrilintide is essential. Understanding its unique mechanism, both alone and in combination, is key to pushing the boundaries of what we know about `appetite` regulation. Similarly, having a baseline control by comparing it against established research compounds like GLP1-S provides the robust data needed for high-impact findings. At Oath Peptides, we are committed to providing researchers with the highest purity compounds to facilitate this groundbreaking work.
Disclaimer: All products sold by Oath Peptides, including Cagrilintide and GLP1-S, are strictly for laboratory and research purposes only. They are not intended for human or animal use. These compounds should only be handled and used by licensed, qualified professionals.
—
References:
1. Lau, D. C. W., et al. (2021). Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight and obesity: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and active-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial. The Lancet, 398(10317), 2160–2172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01751-7
2. Frias, J. P., et al. (2021). Efficacy and safety of co-administered cagrilintide and semaglutide 2.4 mg for weight management: a randomised, double-blind, phase 1b trial. The Lancet, 398(10317), 2180–2190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01773-6
3. Lutz, T. A. (2018). Amylin- and GLP-1-based combination pharmacotherapy for obesity and diabetes. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 27(12), 945–954. https://doi.org/10.1080/13543784.2018.1541457
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