AOD9604 Peptide: Mechanisms of Lipolysis and the Clinical Reality of Fat-Loss Research
From an endocrinology perspective, the pursuit of targeted fat-loss agents has driven decades of growth hormone research. AOD9604, a synthetic C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone (hGH 176-191), represents an elegant attempt to isolate the lipolytic effects of hGH while avoiding growth-promoting activity. For researchers investigating metabolic regulation and adipocyte biology, this peptide offers valuable insights into the dissection of hormonal pathways—though the clinical development story provides important lessons about translating preclinical promise into therapeutic reality. At Oath Research, we provide AOD9604 strictly for research purposes, not for human or animal use.
The Molecular Architecture: Understanding AOD9604 as an hGH Fragment
AOD9604 consists of the 176-191 amino acid sequence from the C-terminus of human growth hormone, modified with a tyrosine residue at the N-terminus for stability. This specific region of the hGH molecule demonstrates lipolytic activity without binding to the classical GH receptor, thereby avoiding the anabolic, diabetogenic, and IGF-1-stimulating effects of the parent hormone. From a receptor pharmacology standpoint, this selective activity makes AOD9604 a fascinating research tool for understanding how growth hormone’s multiple effects can be functionally separated.
The metabolic pathways involve stimulation of lipolysis—the hydrolysis of triglycerides stored in adipocytes into free fatty acids and glycerol—while simultaneously inhibiting lipogenesis, the synthesis of new fat from metabolic precursors. Clinical data from early pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that AOD9604 maintained this selectivity in human subjects, with no detectable increases in serum IGF-1 levels or interference with glucose homeostasis, distinguishing it from full-length recombinant hGH.
Mechanism of Action: The Beta-3 Adrenergic Receptor Pathway
From an endocrine perspective, the most compelling mechanistic insights come from murine studies published by Heffernan and colleagues in Endocrinology (2001). Their work demonstrated that AOD9604 enhances lipolysis through upregulation of beta-3 adrenergic receptors in adipose tissue, with beta-3 adrenergic receptor knockout mice showing complete resistance to the lipolytic effects of the peptide. This finding suggests the metabolic pathways involve both direct activation of lipolytic cascades and indirect sensitization of adipocytes to endogenous catecholamine signaling.
Notably, Ng and colleagues (2001) showed that chronic AOD9604 treatment in obese mice increased fat oxidation rates and plasma glycerol levels—established indices of active lipolysis—while reducing epididymal white adipose tissue mass. The hormonal axes remained otherwise undisturbed, with no changes in thyroid function, cortisol dynamics, or reproductive hormone profiles. For researchers studying body composition regulation, this selectivity offers a cleaner experimental model than peptides with broader endocrine effects.
The Clinical Trial Evidence: Six Studies and a Sobering Outcome
Between 2001 and 2007, six randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials evaluated AOD9604 in 925 human subjects across the United Kingdom and Australia. The trial program included two intravenous pilot studies, two oral dosing studies, and two larger Phase IIb efficacy trials involving 300 and 500 obese adults, respectively. As reported in the Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism by Stier and colleagues, the safety profile proved excellent: AOD9604 produced no antibody formation, no alterations in IGF-1 or insulin sensitivity, and minimal adverse events across all dose ranges tested (1-30 mg daily).
However, clinical data suggests the efficacy story diverged sharply from preclinical predictions. Early pilot trials showed modest weight reductions of approximately 2 kg greater than placebo over 12 weeks—statistically significant but clinically marginal. More critically, the final Phase IIb study, which incorporated intensive diet and exercise interventions, failed to demonstrate any weight-loss benefit over placebo. Development was terminated in 2007, and AOD9604 never received FDA approval for any therapeutic indication.
From a translational medicine perspective, this outcome underscores the complexity of human adipose tissue regulation compared to rodent models. While beta-3 adrenergic receptors play a dominant role in murine thermogenesis and lipolysis, they represent a far smaller proportion of human adipocyte adrenergic receptor populations. The metabolic pathways governing human fat oxidation involve intricate interplay between insulin signaling, inflammatory cytokines, and hormonal axes that simple receptor agonism may not sufficiently override in obese individuals with metabolic dysfunction.
Research Applications: What AOD9604 Can Still Teach Us
Despite its clinical development failure, AOD9604 remains valuable for basic metabolic research. Investigators studying adipocyte lipolysis, receptor pharmacology, or peptide structure-function relationships can leverage this compound to explore several key questions. How do C-terminal hGH fragments interact with lipid metabolism independent of GH receptor activation? Can beta-3 adrenergic sensitization be enhanced through combinatorial approaches? What accounts for the species differences in lipolytic peptide responsiveness?
For researchers interested in comparing lipolytic peptides, our catalog includes GH Fragment 176-191, which shares structural similarity with AOD9604. Additionally, investigators exploring complementary metabolic pathways may consider CJC-1295 for growth hormone secretagogue research or examine our full range of AOD9604 specifications for experimental design considerations.
Designing Rigorous Research Protocols
When incorporating AOD9604 into metabolic studies, several methodological considerations emerge from the clinical trial literature. First, dose-response relationships appear non-linear, with higher doses not necessarily producing proportionally greater lipolytic effects. Second, baseline metabolic status matters: obese mice responded more robustly than lean controls in preclinical work, suggesting the peptide may require a certain threshold of adiposity to demonstrate measurable effects. Third, measurement endpoints should focus on mechanistic indices—plasma glycerol, free fatty acid flux, oxygen consumption—rather than crude body weight changes, which integrate numerous confounding variables.
The Broader Context: Lessons from Peptide Fragment Development
From an endocrine perspective, the AOD9604 development program illustrates both the promise and challenges of hormone fragment engineering. The concept is intellectually elegant: identify the minimal active sequence responsible for a desired effect, eliminate off-target receptor interactions, and create a safer, more targeted therapeutic. However, the metabolic pathways governing energy balance in humans have proven remarkably resistant to single-target interventions. Successful weight-loss medications like GLP-1 receptor agonists succeed not through pure lipolysis enhancement but through multifaceted effects on appetite, gastric emptying, insulin secretion, and central nervous system reward circuits.
This doesn’t diminish AOD9604’s research value. Rather, it positions the peptide as a tool for mechanistic investigation rather than a near-term therapeutic solution. For investigators studying the fundamental biology of adipocyte lipolysis or testing hypotheses about beta-3 adrenergic regulation, AOD9604 offers a well-characterized, selective probe with an extensive safety database.
Safety Profile and Regulatory Status
Clinical data suggests AOD9604 demonstrates excellent tolerability within research contexts. The 925 participants across six trials experienced adverse event rates comparable to placebo, with no serious safety signals identified. Metabolic panels showed no disruption of glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, or hepatic function. Hormonal axes—including thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive systems—remained stable throughout the treatment periods studied.
However, it’s crucial to note that AOD9604 is not FDA-approved for any therapeutic use. Its development was terminated in 2007 following Phase IIb efficacy failures, and no clinical trials have been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov in the intervening years. For researchers, this means AOD9604 exists solely as an investigational compound for basic science applications, not as a validated therapeutic agent. All work with this peptide must adhere to appropriate institutional review and regulatory frameworks governing research-grade materials.
Comparative Analysis: AOD9604 vs. Other Metabolic Research Peptides
From a translational endocrinology perspective, how does AOD9604 compare to other peptides in metabolic research?
GH Fragment 176-191: Essentially identical in structure and mechanism, offering a direct comparator for replication studies. Explore at Oath Research.
CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin: These growth hormone secretagogues stimulate endogenous GH release rather than providing exogenous fragments, creating different receptor dynamics and pulsatile hormone patterns.
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Target incretin pathways with effects on appetite, insulin secretion, and gastric motility—mechanistically distinct from direct lipolytic action.
Beta-3 Adrenergic Agonists: Direct receptor activators like mirabegron offer complementary approaches to studying the same downstream pathway AOD9604 appears to modulate indirectly.
For investigators designing comparative studies or seeking mechanistic synergies, understanding these distinctions helps construct more informative experimental frameworks.
Future Directions: What Lipolytic Peptide Research May Reveal
The metabolic pathways governing human adipose tissue regulation remain incompletely understood, with multiple research frontiers open for investigation. Could AOD9604 or related fragments synergize with other metabolic modulators to achieve effects neither produces alone? Do individual genetic variations in beta-3 adrenergic receptor expression predict differential responses to lipolytic peptides? Can fragment modifications enhance receptor selectivity or pharmacokinetic properties to improve the disconnect between rodent and human efficacy?
These questions represent ongoing research opportunities. From an endocrine perspective, the elegant selectivity of AOD9604—stimulating lipolysis without GH receptor activation—remains a proof-of-concept achievement even if therapeutic translation proved elusive. For academic and industry researchers investigating body composition regulation, this peptide continues to offer valuable experimental utility.
Frequently Asked Questions About AOD9604 Research
What is the precise mechanism by which AOD9604 differs from full-length hGH?
AOD9604 represents the 176-191 C-terminal amino acid sequence of human growth hormone, which retains lipolytic activity but does not bind the classical GH receptor. This means it stimulates fat breakdown without triggering IGF-1 production, anabolic effects, or the diabetogenic properties associated with full-length hGH. From a receptor pharmacology standpoint, this selectivity makes it a valuable tool for dissecting which metabolic effects of growth hormone require receptor activation versus those that proceed through alternative pathways.
Why did AOD9604 fail clinical trials despite showing promise in preclinical studies?
Clinical data suggests that rodent models overpredict human responses to beta-3 adrenergic modulation, likely because beta-3 receptors represent a much larger proportion of adrenergic receptors in murine adipose tissue than in humans. Additionally, the complex metabolic dysfunction present in human obesity—including insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, and altered adipokine signaling—may not be sufficiently addressed by enhanced lipolysis alone. The final Phase IIb trial, which incorporated intensive lifestyle interventions, found no benefit over placebo, suggesting the peptide’s effects were too subtle to provide clinically meaningful weight loss in the context of comprehensive obesity management.
Is AOD9604 safe for research applications?
Within the parameters of the six published clinical trials involving 925 subjects, AOD9604 demonstrated excellent safety with adverse event rates comparable to placebo. Metabolic panels showed no disruption of glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, or hormonal axes. However, these findings apply to short-term exposure (up to 12 weeks) in controlled research settings. Long-term safety data do not exist, and the peptide has never received regulatory approval for any therapeutic use. All research applications must adhere to appropriate institutional and regulatory guidelines governing investigational compounds.
Can AOD9604 be combined with other peptides in research protocols?
From a mechanistic standpoint, AOD9604’s selective lipolytic action without broad endocrine effects suggests it could be paired with other research peptides to investigate combinatorial metabolic pathways. For instance, pairing with CJC-1295 might allow examination of whether endogenous GH secretagogue effects complement or interfere with exogenous lipolytic fragment activity. However, such combinations remain purely investigational, and no clinical data exist to guide safety or efficacy predictions. Researchers must design such studies with appropriate precautions and mechanistic monitoring.
Where can I obtain research-grade AOD9604?
Oath Research provides AOD9604 along with comprehensive testing documentation for qualified research applications. All products are strictly for laboratory research purposes and not for human or animal consumption. We maintain rigorous quality standards to support reproducible scientific investigation.
Conclusion: AOD9604 as a Tool for Metabolic Investigation
From an endocrine perspective, AOD9604 exemplifies both the elegant molecular biology of hormone fragment engineering and the humbling complexity of translating preclinical findings into therapeutic outcomes. While its development as a weight-loss medication ended in 2007 following Phase IIb efficacy failures, the peptide retains significant value for basic metabolic research. Its selective stimulation of adipocyte lipolysis through beta-3 adrenergic receptor modulation—without GH receptor activation—provides a well-characterized tool for investigating fat metabolism, receptor pharmacology, and the species-specific aspects of hormonal regulation.
For researchers committed to advancing our understanding of metabolic pathways, energy balance, and body composition regulation, AOD9604 offers a probe with an extensive safety database and clearly defined mechanistic properties. The clinical trial experience, while unsuccessful therapeutically, provides valuable context about the limitations of single-target approaches and the importance of realistic expectations when extrapolating from rodent models to human metabolism.
Explore AOD9604 and our full catalog of research-grade peptides at Oath Research. All products are manufactured to rigorous standards and accompanied by analytical documentation to support your investigational work. Strictly for research purposes and not for human or animal use.
References
Heffernan, M.A., et al. “The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and β3-AR knock-out mice.” Endocrinology, vol. 142, no. 12, 2001, pp. 5182-5189. PMID: 11713213.
Ng, F.M., et al. “Increase of fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice caused by chronic treatment with human growth hormone or a modified C-terminal fragment.” International Journal of Obesity, vol. 25, no. 10, 2001, pp. 1442-1449. PMID: 11673763.
Ng, F.M., et al. “Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormone.” Hormone Research, vol. 53, no. 6, 2000, pp. 274-278. PMID: 11146367.
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AOD9604 Peptide: Mechanisms of Lipolysis and Weight Management Research
AOD9604 Peptide: Mechanisms of Lipolysis and the Clinical Reality of Fat-Loss Research
From an endocrinology perspective, the pursuit of targeted fat-loss agents has driven decades of growth hormone research. AOD9604, a synthetic C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone (hGH 176-191), represents an elegant attempt to isolate the lipolytic effects of hGH while avoiding growth-promoting activity. For researchers investigating metabolic regulation and adipocyte biology, this peptide offers valuable insights into the dissection of hormonal pathways—though the clinical development story provides important lessons about translating preclinical promise into therapeutic reality. At Oath Research, we provide AOD9604 strictly for research purposes, not for human or animal use.
The Molecular Architecture: Understanding AOD9604 as an hGH Fragment
AOD9604 consists of the 176-191 amino acid sequence from the C-terminus of human growth hormone, modified with a tyrosine residue at the N-terminus for stability. This specific region of the hGH molecule demonstrates lipolytic activity without binding to the classical GH receptor, thereby avoiding the anabolic, diabetogenic, and IGF-1-stimulating effects of the parent hormone. From a receptor pharmacology standpoint, this selective activity makes AOD9604 a fascinating research tool for understanding how growth hormone’s multiple effects can be functionally separated.
The metabolic pathways involve stimulation of lipolysis—the hydrolysis of triglycerides stored in adipocytes into free fatty acids and glycerol—while simultaneously inhibiting lipogenesis, the synthesis of new fat from metabolic precursors. Clinical data from early pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that AOD9604 maintained this selectivity in human subjects, with no detectable increases in serum IGF-1 levels or interference with glucose homeostasis, distinguishing it from full-length recombinant hGH.
Mechanism of Action: The Beta-3 Adrenergic Receptor Pathway
From an endocrine perspective, the most compelling mechanistic insights come from murine studies published by Heffernan and colleagues in Endocrinology (2001). Their work demonstrated that AOD9604 enhances lipolysis through upregulation of beta-3 adrenergic receptors in adipose tissue, with beta-3 adrenergic receptor knockout mice showing complete resistance to the lipolytic effects of the peptide. This finding suggests the metabolic pathways involve both direct activation of lipolytic cascades and indirect sensitization of adipocytes to endogenous catecholamine signaling.
Notably, Ng and colleagues (2001) showed that chronic AOD9604 treatment in obese mice increased fat oxidation rates and plasma glycerol levels—established indices of active lipolysis—while reducing epididymal white adipose tissue mass. The hormonal axes remained otherwise undisturbed, with no changes in thyroid function, cortisol dynamics, or reproductive hormone profiles. For researchers studying body composition regulation, this selectivity offers a cleaner experimental model than peptides with broader endocrine effects.
The Clinical Trial Evidence: Six Studies and a Sobering Outcome
Between 2001 and 2007, six randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials evaluated AOD9604 in 925 human subjects across the United Kingdom and Australia. The trial program included two intravenous pilot studies, two oral dosing studies, and two larger Phase IIb efficacy trials involving 300 and 500 obese adults, respectively. As reported in the Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism by Stier and colleagues, the safety profile proved excellent: AOD9604 produced no antibody formation, no alterations in IGF-1 or insulin sensitivity, and minimal adverse events across all dose ranges tested (1-30 mg daily).
However, clinical data suggests the efficacy story diverged sharply from preclinical predictions. Early pilot trials showed modest weight reductions of approximately 2 kg greater than placebo over 12 weeks—statistically significant but clinically marginal. More critically, the final Phase IIb study, which incorporated intensive diet and exercise interventions, failed to demonstrate any weight-loss benefit over placebo. Development was terminated in 2007, and AOD9604 never received FDA approval for any therapeutic indication.
From a translational medicine perspective, this outcome underscores the complexity of human adipose tissue regulation compared to rodent models. While beta-3 adrenergic receptors play a dominant role in murine thermogenesis and lipolysis, they represent a far smaller proportion of human adipocyte adrenergic receptor populations. The metabolic pathways governing human fat oxidation involve intricate interplay between insulin signaling, inflammatory cytokines, and hormonal axes that simple receptor agonism may not sufficiently override in obese individuals with metabolic dysfunction.
Research Applications: What AOD9604 Can Still Teach Us
Despite its clinical development failure, AOD9604 remains valuable for basic metabolic research. Investigators studying adipocyte lipolysis, receptor pharmacology, or peptide structure-function relationships can leverage this compound to explore several key questions. How do C-terminal hGH fragments interact with lipid metabolism independent of GH receptor activation? Can beta-3 adrenergic sensitization be enhanced through combinatorial approaches? What accounts for the species differences in lipolytic peptide responsiveness?
For researchers interested in comparing lipolytic peptides, our catalog includes GH Fragment 176-191, which shares structural similarity with AOD9604. Additionally, investigators exploring complementary metabolic pathways may consider CJC-1295 for growth hormone secretagogue research or examine our full range of AOD9604 specifications for experimental design considerations.
Designing Rigorous Research Protocols
When incorporating AOD9604 into metabolic studies, several methodological considerations emerge from the clinical trial literature. First, dose-response relationships appear non-linear, with higher doses not necessarily producing proportionally greater lipolytic effects. Second, baseline metabolic status matters: obese mice responded more robustly than lean controls in preclinical work, suggesting the peptide may require a certain threshold of adiposity to demonstrate measurable effects. Third, measurement endpoints should focus on mechanistic indices—plasma glycerol, free fatty acid flux, oxygen consumption—rather than crude body weight changes, which integrate numerous confounding variables.
The Broader Context: Lessons from Peptide Fragment Development
From an endocrine perspective, the AOD9604 development program illustrates both the promise and challenges of hormone fragment engineering. The concept is intellectually elegant: identify the minimal active sequence responsible for a desired effect, eliminate off-target receptor interactions, and create a safer, more targeted therapeutic. However, the metabolic pathways governing energy balance in humans have proven remarkably resistant to single-target interventions. Successful weight-loss medications like GLP-1 receptor agonists succeed not through pure lipolysis enhancement but through multifaceted effects on appetite, gastric emptying, insulin secretion, and central nervous system reward circuits.
This doesn’t diminish AOD9604’s research value. Rather, it positions the peptide as a tool for mechanistic investigation rather than a near-term therapeutic solution. For investigators studying the fundamental biology of adipocyte lipolysis or testing hypotheses about beta-3 adrenergic regulation, AOD9604 offers a well-characterized, selective probe with an extensive safety database.
Safety Profile and Regulatory Status
Clinical data suggests AOD9604 demonstrates excellent tolerability within research contexts. The 925 participants across six trials experienced adverse event rates comparable to placebo, with no serious safety signals identified. Metabolic panels showed no disruption of glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, or hepatic function. Hormonal axes—including thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive systems—remained stable throughout the treatment periods studied.
However, it’s crucial to note that AOD9604 is not FDA-approved for any therapeutic use. Its development was terminated in 2007 following Phase IIb efficacy failures, and no clinical trials have been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov in the intervening years. For researchers, this means AOD9604 exists solely as an investigational compound for basic science applications, not as a validated therapeutic agent. All work with this peptide must adhere to appropriate institutional review and regulatory frameworks governing research-grade materials.
Comparative Analysis: AOD9604 vs. Other Metabolic Research Peptides
From a translational endocrinology perspective, how does AOD9604 compare to other peptides in metabolic research?
For investigators designing comparative studies or seeking mechanistic synergies, understanding these distinctions helps construct more informative experimental frameworks.
Future Directions: What Lipolytic Peptide Research May Reveal
The metabolic pathways governing human adipose tissue regulation remain incompletely understood, with multiple research frontiers open for investigation. Could AOD9604 or related fragments synergize with other metabolic modulators to achieve effects neither produces alone? Do individual genetic variations in beta-3 adrenergic receptor expression predict differential responses to lipolytic peptides? Can fragment modifications enhance receptor selectivity or pharmacokinetic properties to improve the disconnect between rodent and human efficacy?
These questions represent ongoing research opportunities. From an endocrine perspective, the elegant selectivity of AOD9604—stimulating lipolysis without GH receptor activation—remains a proof-of-concept achievement even if therapeutic translation proved elusive. For academic and industry researchers investigating body composition regulation, this peptide continues to offer valuable experimental utility.
Frequently Asked Questions About AOD9604 Research
What is the precise mechanism by which AOD9604 differs from full-length hGH?
AOD9604 represents the 176-191 C-terminal amino acid sequence of human growth hormone, which retains lipolytic activity but does not bind the classical GH receptor. This means it stimulates fat breakdown without triggering IGF-1 production, anabolic effects, or the diabetogenic properties associated with full-length hGH. From a receptor pharmacology standpoint, this selectivity makes it a valuable tool for dissecting which metabolic effects of growth hormone require receptor activation versus those that proceed through alternative pathways.
Why did AOD9604 fail clinical trials despite showing promise in preclinical studies?
Clinical data suggests that rodent models overpredict human responses to beta-3 adrenergic modulation, likely because beta-3 receptors represent a much larger proportion of adrenergic receptors in murine adipose tissue than in humans. Additionally, the complex metabolic dysfunction present in human obesity—including insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, and altered adipokine signaling—may not be sufficiently addressed by enhanced lipolysis alone. The final Phase IIb trial, which incorporated intensive lifestyle interventions, found no benefit over placebo, suggesting the peptide’s effects were too subtle to provide clinically meaningful weight loss in the context of comprehensive obesity management.
Is AOD9604 safe for research applications?
Within the parameters of the six published clinical trials involving 925 subjects, AOD9604 demonstrated excellent safety with adverse event rates comparable to placebo. Metabolic panels showed no disruption of glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, or hormonal axes. However, these findings apply to short-term exposure (up to 12 weeks) in controlled research settings. Long-term safety data do not exist, and the peptide has never received regulatory approval for any therapeutic use. All research applications must adhere to appropriate institutional and regulatory guidelines governing investigational compounds.
Can AOD9604 be combined with other peptides in research protocols?
From a mechanistic standpoint, AOD9604’s selective lipolytic action without broad endocrine effects suggests it could be paired with other research peptides to investigate combinatorial metabolic pathways. For instance, pairing with CJC-1295 might allow examination of whether endogenous GH secretagogue effects complement or interfere with exogenous lipolytic fragment activity. However, such combinations remain purely investigational, and no clinical data exist to guide safety or efficacy predictions. Researchers must design such studies with appropriate precautions and mechanistic monitoring.
Where can I obtain research-grade AOD9604?
Oath Research provides AOD9604 along with comprehensive testing documentation for qualified research applications. All products are strictly for laboratory research purposes and not for human or animal consumption. We maintain rigorous quality standards to support reproducible scientific investigation.
Conclusion: AOD9604 as a Tool for Metabolic Investigation
From an endocrine perspective, AOD9604 exemplifies both the elegant molecular biology of hormone fragment engineering and the humbling complexity of translating preclinical findings into therapeutic outcomes. While its development as a weight-loss medication ended in 2007 following Phase IIb efficacy failures, the peptide retains significant value for basic metabolic research. Its selective stimulation of adipocyte lipolysis through beta-3 adrenergic receptor modulation—without GH receptor activation—provides a well-characterized tool for investigating fat metabolism, receptor pharmacology, and the species-specific aspects of hormonal regulation.
For researchers committed to advancing our understanding of metabolic pathways, energy balance, and body composition regulation, AOD9604 offers a probe with an extensive safety database and clearly defined mechanistic properties. The clinical trial experience, while unsuccessful therapeutically, provides valuable context about the limitations of single-target approaches and the importance of realistic expectations when extrapolating from rodent models to human metabolism.
Explore AOD9604 and our full catalog of research-grade peptides at Oath Research. All products are manufactured to rigorous standards and accompanied by analytical documentation to support your investigational work. Strictly for research purposes and not for human or animal use.
References
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